{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T16:01:14Z","timestamp":1785254474450,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.15.7.29","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:30:35Z","timestamp":1785252635000},"page":"29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of a Machine Learning Approach to the Analysis of Multifocal Electroretinograms for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G.","family":"Ballios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41683","article-title":"American College of Rheumatology, American Academy of Dermatology, Rheumatologic Dermatology Society, and American Academy of Ophthalmology 2020 Joint Statement on Hydroxychloroquine Use With Respect to Retinal Toxicity","volume":"73","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00409-3","article-title":"The incidence of irreversible retinal toxicity in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine: a reappraisal","volume":"110","author":"Mavrikakis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400817","article-title":"Incidence of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in 1,207 patients in a large multicenter outpatients practice","volume":"40","author":"Levy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.3459","article-title":"The risk of toxic retinopathy in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy","volume":"132","author":"Melles","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.058","article-title":"Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision)","volume":"123","author":"Marmor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01380-2","article-title":"The Royal College of Ophthalmologists recommendations on monitoring for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine users in the United Kingdom (2020 revision): executive summary","volume":"35","author":"Yusuf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S14257","article-title":"Spectral domain optical coherence tomography as an effective screening test for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (the \u201cflying saucer\u201d sign)","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.12.042","article-title":"Detection of early hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity enhanced by ring ratio analysis of multifocal electroretinography","volume":"143","author":"Lyons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-1038-2","article-title":"Prevalence of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy using 2018 Royal College of Ophthalmologists diagnostic criteria","volume":"35","author":"Marshall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0566-0","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for diabetic retinopathy screening: a review","volume":"34","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.1934","article-title":"Automated diagnosis of plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity using deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"136","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81328","DOI":"10.2196\/81328","article-title":"Detection and management of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration using noninvasive retinal images and artificial intelligence: systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13142373","article-title":"Detection of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy via hyperspectral and deep learning through ophthalmoscope images","volume":"13","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76943-4","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for detection of retinal toxicity in chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine therapy using multifocal electroretinogram waveforms","volume":"14","author":"Kulyabin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14050448","article-title":"Automated evaluation of ellipsoid zone at-risk burden for detection of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Talcott","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2021.100060","article-title":"Deep learning-based automatic detection of ellipsoid zone loss in spectral-domain OCT for hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity screening","volume":"1","author":"de Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2025.06.003","article-title":"Deep learning algorithm for the diagnosis and prediction of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Woodward-Court","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-022-09879-7","article-title":"MERCI: a machine learning approach to identifying hydroxychloroquine retinopathy using mfERG","volume":"145","author":"Habib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-020-09812-w","article-title":"ISCEV standard for clinical multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) (2021 update)","volume":"142","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2007.00159.x","article-title":"Comparing methods of determining addition in presbyopes","volume":"91","author":"Antona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90018-V","article-title":"Bias, prevalence and kappa","volume":"46","author":"Byrt","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"158","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1927.10502953","article-title":"Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference","volume":"22","author":"Wilson","year":"1927","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","article-title":"Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach","volume":"44","author":"DeLong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001235","article-title":"Aiming for the bull's eye: the cost-utility of screening for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy","volume":"36","author":"Mcclellan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.09.025","article-title":"Impact of the revised american academy of ophthalmology guidelines regarding hydroxychloroquine screening on actual practice","volume":"155","author":"Browning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S66527","article-title":"Relative sensitivity and specificity of 10-2 visual fields, multifocal electroretinography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in detecting hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine retinopathy","volume":"8","author":"Browning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-022-00136-8","article-title":"Targeted validation: validating clinical prediction models in their intended population and setting","volume":"6","author":"Sperrin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn Progn Res"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.07.018","article-title":"Pericentral retinopathy and racial differences in hydroxychloroquine toxicity","volume":"122","author":"Melles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.09.025","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography protocols for screening of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in Asian patients","volume":"184","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13123411","article-title":"Atypical presentations of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: a case series study","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01592-0","article-title":"Clinical electrophysiology of vision\u2014commentary on current status and future prospects","volume":"35","author":"Hamilton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02491-2","article-title":"Visual electrophysiology and \u201cthe potential of the potentials.\u201d","volume":"37","author":"Mahroo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.9.34","article-title":"Phenotyping of ABCA4 retinopathy by machine learning analysis of full-field electroretinography","volume":"11","author":"Glinton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib21","volume-title":"_R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing_","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.7.29","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:30:37Z","timestamp":1785252637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.7.29"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.15.7.29","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}}}