{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:15:00Z","timestamp":1786122900959,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.15.8.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T13:30:39Z","timestamp":1786109439000},"page":"5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Refractive Error Coverage and Related Sociodemographic Factors: A Study of 1.1 Million Students in Schools of Hubei Province, China"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ouwen","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianqun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cancan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Aier Eye Hospital, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Hospital, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lurun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianhong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e682","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30254-1","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of vision loss in China from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889243","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.889243","article-title":"Myopia control with multifocal lens in school-aged children: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.0401","article-title":"Spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets for myopia control vs single-vision spectacle lenses: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"140","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M106","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25958","article-title":"IMI\u2014Interventions Myopia Institute: interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression report","volume":"60","author":"Wildsoet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1754","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00433-8","article-title":"Effective refractive error coverage in adults aged 50 years and older: estimates from population-based surveys in 61 countries","volume":"10","author":"Bourne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g5740","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5740","article-title":"Effect of providing free glasses on children's educational outcomes in China: cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"349","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.3544","article-title":"Effect of a randomized interventional school-based vision program on academic performance of students in grades 3 to 7: a cluster randomized clinical trial","volume":"139","author":"Neitzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.05.020","article-title":"Impact of vision impairment and ocular morbidity and their treatment on depression and anxiety in children: a systematic review","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0382-2","article-title":"The differences in level of trait anxiety among girls and boys aged 13-17 years with myopia and emmetropia","volume":"16","author":"Bazarczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1411","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00303-X","article-title":"Vision impairment and traffic safety outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Piyasena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01099-5","article-title":"Role of physical activity and sedentary behavior in the mental health of preschoolers, children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Rodriguez-Ayllon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.0146","article-title":"A global assessment of eye health and quality of life: a systematic review of systematic reviews","volume":"139","author":"Assi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16484-z","article-title":"The impact of spectacle correction on the well-being of children with vision impairment due to uncorrected refractive error: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Pirindhavellie","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1141","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14172","article-title":"Visual information processing skills are associated with academic performance in grade 2 school children","volume":"97","author":"Hopkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2023.2250581","article-title":"Effect of myopia severity on the health-related quality of life in children and their parents","volume":"48","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.3513","article-title":"Population prevalence of need for spectacles and spectacle ownership among urban migrant children in eastern China","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1460","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00212-6","article-title":"Keeping an eye on eye care: monitoring progress towards effective coverage","volume":"9","author":"Keel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","first-page":"29","article-title":"A study on the latest status of left-behind children in China","volume":"29","author":"Duan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Popul Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.4229","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of uncorrected refractive error in older adults in a population-based study in France","volume":"137","author":"Na\u00ebl","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.04.026","article-title":"Visual impairment and spectacle use in university students in Central China: the Anyang University Students Eye Study","volume":"206","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40810-5","article-title":"A large-scale analysis of refractive errors in students attending public primary schools in Mexico","volume":"13","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Ortiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175353","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175353","article-title":"Treatment coverage rates for refractive error in the National Eye Health survey","volume":"12","author":"Foreman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1262-3","article-title":"Use of spectacles for distance vision: coverage, unmet needs and barriers in a rural area of North India","volume":"19","author":"Malhotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2021-320940","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia and uncorrected myopia among 721 032 schoolchildren in a city-wide vision screening in southern China: the Shantou Myopia Study","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317072","article-title":"Visual impairment in rural and migrant Chinese school-going children: prevalence, severity, correction and associations","volume":"106","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0256565","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256565","article-title":"The prevalence and correlates of vision impairment and glasses ownership among ethnic minority and Han schoolchildren in rural China","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.3449","article-title":"Association of socioeconomics with prevalence of visual impairment and blindness","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01536-8","article-title":"Socio-economic differences in accessing NHS spectacles amongst children with differing refractive errors living in Scotland","volume":"36","author":"Kearney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001356","article-title":"Spectacle coverage among urban schoolchildren with refractive error provided subsidized spectacles in North India","volume":"96","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313294","article-title":"Association of visual acuity with educational outcomes: a prospective cohort study","volume":"103","author":"Jan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.07.011","article-title":"Impact of eyeglasses on academic performance in primary school children","volume":"55","author":"Hark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03350-8","article-title":"Refractive error and vision related quality of life","volume":"24","author":"Rajabpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2018.12.011","article-title":"Refractive error and vision problems in children: association with increased sedentary behavior and reduced exercise in 9-year-old children in Ireland","volume":"23","author":"Quigley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001998","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of astigmatism: a systematic literature review","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13376","article-title":"Teachers\u2019 influence on purchase and wear of children's glasses in rural China: the PRICE study","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0191199","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191199","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and associated factors among primary school teachers regarding refractive error in school children in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Alemayehu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib39","first-page":"CD005023","article-title":"Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents","volume":"2","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187808","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187808","article-title":"Cluster-randomized controlled trial of the effects of free glasses on purchase of children's glasses in China: the PRICE (Potentiating Rural Investment in Children's Eyecare) study","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.0641","article-title":"Spectacle wear among children in a school-based program for ready-made vs custom-made spectacles in India: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"135","author":"Morjaria","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.1329","article-title":"Effect of a local vision care center on eyeglasses use and school performance in rural China: a cluster randomized clinical trial","volume":"136","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1801_20","article-title":"Compliance of spectacle wear among school children","volume":"69","author":"Gajiwala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1106_22","article-title":"Non-compliance for wearing spectacles: prevalence and determinants in school-going children in South India","volume":"71","author":"Pawar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_27_18","article-title":"Spectacle compliance among adolescents in Southern India: perspectives of service providers","volume":"66","author":"Narayanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.7053","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with eyeglass wear compliance among preschoolers from low-income families in San Francisco, California","volume":"139","author":"Sabharwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.12.017","article-title":"Spectacle adherence among four-year-old children in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study","volume":"200","author":"Lambert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053206","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1053206","article-title":"Implementing interventions to promote spectacle wearing among children with refractive errors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.08.006","article-title":"Impact of free glasses and a teacher incentive on children's use of eyeglasses: a cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"160","author":"Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.12.11","article-title":"Development of a spectacle wear monitor system: SpecsOn Monitor","volume":"10","author":"South","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Techn"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib51","first-page":"4451","article-title":"Comparison of non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic autorefraction in children","volume":"58","author":"Sankaridurg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.8.5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T13:30:40Z","timestamp":1786109440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.8.5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.15.8.5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]}}}