{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:05:47Z","timestamp":1790172347831,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.15.9.15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:30:45Z","timestamp":1790170245000},"page":"15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Description and Evaluation of a Visual Acuity Assessment Paradigm Based on Spatial Frequency-Modulated Form Discrimination"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Lansey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REACT Neuro, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indrani","family":"Sirivella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India"},{"name":"Centre for Technology Innovation, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Negi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India"},{"name":"Centre for Technology Innovation, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun R.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REACT Neuro, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrikant R.","family":"Bharadwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India"},{"name":"Centre for Technology Innovation, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India"},{"name":"Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e029114","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029114","article-title":"Temporal trends in the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the South Indian state of Telangana: a population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Marmamula","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.05.021","article-title":"Vision and driving","volume":"50","author":"Owsley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"bib5","first-page":"529","article-title":"Modeling logMAR visual acuity scores: effects of termination rules and alternative forced-choice options","volume":"78","author":"Carkeet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.149137","article-title":"Development of Pocket Vision Screener and its effectiveness at screening visual acuity deficits","volume":"62","author":"Raja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02180-6","article-title":"A history of visual acuity testing and optotypes","volume":"38","author":"de Jong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197611000-00006","article-title":"New design principles for visual acuity letter charts","volume":"53","author":"Bailey","year":"1976","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(59)90626-9","article-title":"New test charts for the measurement of visual acuity at far and near distances","volume":"48","author":"Sloan","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001507","article-title":"Construction and validation of LEA Hindi chart: a multicenter study","volume":"97","author":"Datta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1165_17","article-title":"Construction and validation of logMAR visual acuity charts in seven Indian languages","volume":"66","author":"Negiloni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9534","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8426","article-title":"Object frequency characteristics of visual acuity","volume":"52","author":"McAnany","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30260-7","article-title":"Preferred retinal loci relationship to macular scotomas in a low-vision population","volume":"104","author":"Fletcher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1991.100","article-title":"Microtropia versus bifoveal fixation in anisometropic amblyopia","volume":"5","author":"Lea","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000377","article-title":"Clinical applications of wavefront refraction","volume":"91","author":"Bruce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181d95217","article-title":"Visual impact of Zernike and Seidel forms of monochromatic aberrations","volume":"87","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7620","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247620","article-title":"Visual acuity examination methodology in keratoconus","volume":"12","author":"Nandzik","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00013.x","article-title":"Contrast visual acuities in cataract patients: III. Changes of contrast acuity profiles in normal and pathological eyes","volume":"73","author":"Bissen-Miyajima","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"bib20","first-page":"745","article-title":"Visual acuity with reversed-contrast charts: I. Theoretical and psychophysical investigations","volume":"80","author":"Westheimer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib21","first-page":"749","article-title":"Visual acuity with reversed-contrast charts: II. Clinical investigation","volume":"80","author":"Westheimer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2025.108747","article-title":"Validation of clinical tools to measure grating acuity and contrast sensitivity in children with cerebral visual impairment","volume":"240","author":"Sumalini","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"5196","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5196.453","article-title":"Vision screening of very young or handicapped children","volume":"2","author":"Sheridan","year":"1960","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.67.2.131","article-title":"New method of assessing visual acuity with pictures","volume":"67","author":"Kay","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1980.tb08291.x","article-title":"New visual acuity test for pre-school children","volume":"58","author":"Hyv\u00e4rinen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.5.513","article-title":"Examination of young children with Lea symbols","volume":"86","author":"Becker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2003.00150.x","article-title":"Visual acuity assessment: a comparison of two tests for measuring children's vision","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13565","article-title":"The Waterloo Differential Acuity Test (WatDAT)\u2014Testability and normative data","volume":"45","author":"Aryal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.9.13","article-title":"Validation of the Waterloo Differential Visual Acuity Test (WatDAT) and comparison with existing pediatric tests of visual acuity","volume":"12","author":"Opoku-Yamoah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1078_17","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of Lea Symbol chart and Sheridan Gardiner chart for preschool vision screening","volume":"66","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000104","article-title":"Pacific acuity test: testability, validity, and interobserver reliability","volume":"91","author":"Lowery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13340","article-title":"Effect of scoring and termination rules on test\u2013retest variability of a novel high-pass letter acuity chart","volume":"55","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib34","first-page":"2765","article-title":"New visual acuity chart for patients with macular hole","volume":"42","author":"Horiguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12914","article-title":"Design and validation of a chart-based measure of the limits of spatial contrast sensitivity","volume":"42","author":"Adhikari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-010-0409-8","article-title":"Coded aperture pairs for depth from defocus and defocus deblurring","volume":"93","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000513","article-title":"Exact parametric confidence intervals for Bland-Altman limits of agreement","volume":"92","author":"Carkeet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.57.3.755","article-title":"Visual orientation and spatial frequency discrimination: a comparison of single neurons and behavior","volume":"57","author":"Bradley","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2822","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00612.2013","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of coarse-to-fine discrimination in the visual cortex","volume":"112","author":"Purushothaman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3921\/joptom.2008.65","article-title":"Recognition versus resolution: a comparison of visual acuity results using Two alternative test chart optotype","volume":"1","author":"Pointer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.7.001113","article-title":"Human discrimination of fractal images","volume":"7","author":"Knill","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2001.079004422.x","article-title":"The influence of level and polarity of figure-ground contrast on vision","volume":"79","author":"Pointer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.135012","article-title":"Practical recommendations for measuring rates of visual field change in glaucoma","volume":"92","author":"Chauhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"25","key":"bib44","first-page":"25","article-title":"The natural history of geographic atrophy, the advanced atrophic form of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"5","author":"Sunness","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)38557-1","article-title":"Visual function in children with developmental disabilities","volume":"40","author":"Menacker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"bib1","volume-title":"World report on vision","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib4","article-title":"Medical devices; ophthalmic devices; classification of the oral electronic vision aid 2015 [22 September 2015]","author":"Administration USFaD"},{"key":"bib7","volume-title":"Probebuchstaben zur Bestimmung der Sehsch\u00e4rfe","author":"Snellen","year":"1862"},{"key":"bib22","first-page":"76","article-title":"Grating acuity tests for infants, young children and individuals with disabilities: a review of recent advances","volume-title":"Semin Ophthalmol","author":"Sumalini","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.9.15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:30:48Z","timestamp":1790170248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.9.15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.15.9.15","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}}}