{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:08:38Z","timestamp":1788872918832,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.15.9.6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:30:59Z","timestamp":1788870659000},"page":"6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Smartphone-Based Automated Quantification of Bulbar Conjunctival Hyperemia Using Vessel Density Mapping"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Rubegni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Fruschelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Mugnai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Padula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Cappellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore,\u201d Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Castellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Avitabile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Luschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, Dermatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Mercieca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glaucoma Unit, University Hospital Eye Clinic, Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Marco","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.05.003","article-title":"Ocular redness \u2013 I: etiology, pathogenesis, and assessment of conjunctival hyperemia","volume":"21","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-026-01310-7","article-title":"Global perspectives on therapy for noninfectious conjunctival hyperemia: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Toyos","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.05.004","article-title":"Ocular redness \u2013 II: progress in development of therapeutics for the management of conjunctival hyperemia","volume":"21","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.9.590","article-title":"Adverse effects of topical antiglaucomatous medications on the conjunctiva","volume":"77","author":"Broadway","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.6.1.45","article-title":"The side effects of the prostaglandin analogues","volume":"6","author":"Holl\u00f3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Drug Safety"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-30658","article-title":"Ocular surface problems following topical medication","volume":"219","author":"Bernauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318157ac9e","article-title":"The development of validated bulbar redness grading scales","volume":"84","author":"Schulze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.06.003","article-title":"A new scale for the assessment of conjunctival bulbar redness","volume":"16","author":"Macchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2010.00549.x","article-title":"A survey of the use of grading scales for contact lens complications in optometric practice","volume":"94","author":"Efron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5812","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-7006","article-title":"Grading bulbar redness using cross-calibrated clinical grading scales","volume":"52","author":"Schulze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"24","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15243200","article-title":"Grading scales of conjunctival inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Anghelache-Dobrescu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1250","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181bb4225","article-title":"The perceived bulbar redness of clinical grading scales","volume":"86","author":"Schulze","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000626","article-title":"The measurement of bulbar hyperemia: challenges and pitfalls","volume":"25","author":"Baudouin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.07.003","article-title":"Evaluating a new objective grading software for conjunctival hyperaemia","volume":"43","author":"Huntjens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.14.1.6","article-title":"Conjunctival bulbar redness extraction pipeline for high-resolution ocular surface photography","volume":"14","author":"Ostheimer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.6.31","article-title":"Validation of computerized quantification of ocular redness","volume":"8","author":"Sirazitdinova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2018.01.006","article-title":"Layered vasculature segmentation of color conjunctival image based on wavelet transform","volume":"42","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.3390\/app11072978","article-title":"A fully automated pipeline for a robust conjunctival hyperemia estimation","volume":"11","author":"Curti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2023.06.011","article-title":"Conjunctival vessel density analysis as a marker of inflammation in dry eye disease","volume":"29","author":"Aragona","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.7.15","article-title":"Automated image threshold method comparison for conjunctival vessel quantification on optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"11","author":"Binotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-019-0135-4","article-title":"Inter-visit measurement variability of conjunctival vasculature and circulation in habitual contact lens wearers and non-lens wearers","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye Vis"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.70009","article-title":"Toward automated assessment of conjunctival hyperemia: a semisupervised artificial intelligence approach","volume":"1551","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2018.1554153","article-title":"Hyperemia analysis software for assessment of conjunctival hyperemia severity","volume":"44","author":"Yoneda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182a18e44","article-title":"Development of automated conjunctival hyperemia analysis software","volume":"32","author":"Sumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000643","article-title":"Assessment of bulbar redness with a newly developed keratograph","volume":"92","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12245","article-title":"Assessing ocular bulbar redness: a comparison of methods","volume":"36","author":"Downie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001638","article-title":"Bulbar redness and dry eye disease: comparison of a validated subjective grading scale and an objective automated method","volume":"98","author":"Schulze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2018.03.007","article-title":"Assessment of ocular redness measurements obtained with keratograph 5M and correlation with subjective grading scales","volume":"41","author":"P\u00e9rez-Bartolom\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40255-9","article-title":"Evaluation of offset of conjunctival hyperemia induced by a Rho-kinase inhibitor; 0.4% Ripasudil ophthalmic solution clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000538","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000538","article-title":"Time course of conjunctival hyperemia induced by omidenepag isopropyl ophthalmic solution 0.002%: a pilot, comparative study versus ripasudil 0.4%","volume":"5","author":"Terao","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophth"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7820971","article-title":"Severity classification of conjunctival hyperaemia by deep neural network ensembles","volume":"2019","author":"Masumoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.1945406","article-title":"A comparison of subjective and objective conjunctival hyperaemia grading with AOS\u00ae Anterior software","volume":"105","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"bib29","article-title":"Eye conjunctiva segmentation dataset","author":"Rahman"},{"key":"bib30","article-title":"Image dataset on eye diseases classification (uveitis, conjunctivitis, cataract, eyelid) with symptoms and SMOTE validation","author":"Bitto"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.9.6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:31:00Z","timestamp":1788870660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.9.6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.15.9.6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}}}