{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:50:21Z","timestamp":1790063421807,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587686400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.2.25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T16:31:29Z","timestamp":1587745889000},"page":"25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Artificial Intelligence to Stratify Severity of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and Predict Risk of Progression to Late AMD"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alauddin","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iHealthScreen Inc., New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"New York University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tien Yin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore"},{"name":"DUKE-NUS School of Medicine, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Shu Wei","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore"},{"name":"DUKE-NUS School of Medicine, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Govindaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iHealthScreen Inc., New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric H.","family":"Souied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, H\u00f4pital Intercommunal de Cr\u00e9teil, Universit\u00e9, Creteil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Theodore","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(99)00031-8","article-title":"The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): design implications. AREDS report no. 1","volume":"20","author":"Age-Related-Eye-Disease-Study-Research-Group","year":"1999","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"bib3","first-page":"5862","article-title":"Automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration in digital fundus images","volume":"52","author":"Agurto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.08.022","article-title":"Use of fundus imaging in quantification of age-related macular change","volume":"52","author":"Bartlett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Survey Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib5","first-page":"5893601","article-title":"Automatic screening and grading of age-related macular degeneration from texture analysis of fundus images","author":"Phan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib6","first-page":"194","article-title":"Clinical update: new treatments for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"370","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.04.018","article-title":"Age related macular degeneration: time for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"144","author":"WT","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60282-7","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"379","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3817","article-title":"Imaging of the retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration using polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography","volume":"51","author":"Ahlers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.10.002","article-title":"Progress on retinal image analysis for age related macular degeneration","volume":"38","author":"Kanagasingam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.05.012","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration and cardiovascular disease in the era of anti\u2013vascular endothelial growth factor therapies","volume":"148","author":"Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200624040-00003","article-title":"The burden of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"24","author":"Schmier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.9.1225","article-title":"The relationship of dietary carotenoid and vitamin A, E, and C intake with age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study: AREDS Report No. 22","volume":"125","author":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4412","article-title":"Lutein\/zeaxanthin for the treatment of age-related cataractAREDS2 randomized trial report no. 4","volume":"131","author":"Chew","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib20","first-page":"145","article-title":"Photobiomodulation for the treatment of retinal diseases: a review","volume":"9","author":"Geneva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib21","first-page":"227","article-title":"Subthreshold nanosecond laser intervention in intermediate age-related macular degeneration \u2013 study design and baseline characteristics of the laser in early stages of age-related macular degeneration study (Report Number 1)","volume":"1","author":"Lek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.06.028","article-title":"Reticular macular disease","volume":"148","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040020193003","article-title":"The second eye of patients with senile macular degeneration","volume":"101","author":"Strahlman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.01.016","article-title":"A risk score for the prediction of advanced age-related macular degeneration: development and validation in 2 prospective cohorts","volume":"121","author":"Chiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.08.002","article-title":"The incidence and progression of age-related macular degeneration over 15 years: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"122","author":"Joachim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.10.1417","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8","volume":"119","author":"Group A-REDSR","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib27","first-page":"5235","article-title":"Prediction risk modeling for progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration using baseline demographic, environmental, genetic and ocular variables","volume":"52","author":"JoM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.07.053","article-title":"Prediction of age-related macular degeneration in the general population: the Three Continent AMD Consortium","volume":"120","author":"Buitendijk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2017.01.018","article-title":"Comparing humans and deep learning performance for grading AMD: A study in using universal deep features and transfer learning for automated AMD analysis","volume":"82","author":"Burlina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers Biol Med."},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.02.037","article-title":"A deep learning algorithm for prediction of age-related eye disease study severity scale for age-related macular degeneration from color fundus photography","volume":"125","author":"Grassmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib33","first-page":"3214","article-title":"A prediction model for risk of progression to late age-related macular degeneration (AMD)","volume":"59","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.4118","article-title":"Use of deep learning for detailed severity characterization and estimation of 5-year risk among patients with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"136","author":"Burlina","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-005-0466-3","article-title":"Logistic model trees","volume":"95","author":"Landwehr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1570","article-title":"A Simplified severity scale for age-related macular degeneration, AREDS Report No. 18","volume":"123","author":"Age-Related-Eye-Disease-Study-Research-Group","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1484","article-title":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. The age-related eye disease study severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 17","volume":"123","author":"AREDS-Report-17","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.10.1417","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8","volume":"119","author":"Age-Related-Eye-Disease-Study-Research-Group","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib43","article-title":"Class activation maps in Keras for visualizing where deep learning networks pay attention","journal-title":"Jacob's Computer Vision and Machine Learning blog"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009212519","article-title":"Bayesian model averaging: a tutorial","volume":"14","author":"Hoeting","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"key":"bib45","article-title":"An empirical comparison of supervised learning algorithms using different performance metrics","author":"Caruana","journal-title":"Proc ICML\u201906"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(05)80092-X","article-title":"International classification of grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"39","author":"Bird","year":"1995","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib48","article-title":"Cox proportional-hazards regression for survival data","author":"Fox","year":"2002","journal-title":"An R and S-PLUS Companion to Applied Regression"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01218-1","article-title":"The Age-Related Eye Disease Study system for classifying age-related macular degeneration from stereoscopic color fundus photographs: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 6","volume":"132","author":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib2","volume-title":"Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)","author":"AMD-Defined","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib10"},{"key":"bib12"},{"key":"bib14","article-title":"Anti-VEGF treatment and dry AMD: finding the balance","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib15","article-title":"Age Related Macular Degeneration Factsheet","author":"Malik"},{"key":"bib18","article-title":"Prevalence of blindness data.","author":"National-Eye-Institute"},{"key":"bib30","first-page":"1525","article-title":"Deep Convolutional Neural Network-Based Screening and Assessment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration from Fundus Images","volume-title":"In the Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging","author":"Govindaiah","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib32","first-page":"702","article-title":"A new and improved method for automated screening of age-related macular degeneration using ensemble deep neural networks","volume-title":"Proc IEEE EMBC 2018","author":"Govindaiah","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.308","article-title":"Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision","volume-title":"Paper presented at: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition2016","author":"Szegedy"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.11231","article-title":"Inception-v4, inception-resnet and the impact of residual connections on learning","volume-title":"Paper presented at: In the Proceedings of Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence;","author":"Szegedy","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.195","article-title":"Xception: Deep learning with depthwise separable convolutions","volume-title":"Paper presented at: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition; 2017","author":"Chollet"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00907","article-title":"Learning transferable architectures for scalable image recognition","volume-title":"IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Zoph"},{"key":"bib46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automated tracking and change detection of retinal pathology for age-related macular degeneration progression using fundus imaging","volume-title":"Proc IEEE ICIEV","author":"Hussain","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib49","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning","author":"Bishop","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2765234","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T07:08:16Z","timestamp":1666422496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2765234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.9.2.25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]}}}