{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:56:09Z","timestamp":1792112169367,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594857600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.8.25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T01:55:51Z","timestamp":1594950951000},"page":"25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Harmonization of Outcomes and Vision Endpoints in Vision Restoration Trials: Recommendations from the International HOVER Taskforce"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lauren N.","family":"Ayton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences and Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Joseph F.","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian L.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"August","family":"Colenbrander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute and California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gislin","family":"Dagnelie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lions Vision Research and Rehabilitation Center, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duane R.","family":"Geruschat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lions Vision Research and Rehabilitation Center, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip C.","family":"Hessburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Detroit Institute of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, Grosse Pointe Park, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris D.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science & Software Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Petoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Institute of Australia, East Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary S.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip R.","family":"Troyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armour College of Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the HOVER International Taskforce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008519","article-title":"The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex","volume":"196","author":"Brindley","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010766","article-title":"Phosphenes produced by electrical stimulation of human occipital cortex, and their application to the development of a prosthesis for the blind","volume":"243","author":"Dobelle","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"020301","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/2\/020301","article-title":"Psychophysical testing of visual prosthetic devices: a call to establish a multi-national joint task force","volume":"11","author":"Rizzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(82)90197-0","article-title":"New visual acuity charts for clinical research","volume":"94","author":"Ferris","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30742-2","article-title":"Standardizing the measurement of visual acuity for clinical research studies: guidelines from the Eye Care Technology Forum","volume":"103","author":"Ferris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182271638","article-title":"Vision test variability in retinitis pigmentosa and psychosocial factors","volume":"88","author":"Bittner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199601000-00008","article-title":"The Freiburg Visual Acuity test\u2013automatic measurement of visual acuity","volume":"73","author":"Bach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318264e85a","article-title":"The Berkeley Rudimentary Vision Test","volume":"89","author":"Bailey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182271638","article-title":"Grating acuity and contrast tests for clinical trials of severe vision loss","volume":"88","author":"Bittner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3512","article-title":"Basic quantitative assessment of visual performance in patients with very low vision","volume":"51","author":"Bach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4400","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260816","article-title":"Psychophysics of prosthetic vision: I. Visual scanning and visual acuity","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197611000-00006","article-title":"New design principles for visual acuity letter charts","volume":"53","author":"Bailey","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib15","first-page":"422","article-title":"Clinical grading and the effects of scaling","volume":"32","author":"Bailey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01825-1","article-title":"A computerized method of visual acuity testing: adaptation of the early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study testing protocol","volume":"135","author":"Beck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0474-4","article-title":"The Freiburg Visual Acuity Test-variability unchanged by post-hoc re-analysis","volume":"245","author":"Bach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0981","article-title":"Visual acuities \u201chand motion\u201d and \u201ccounting fingers\u201d can be quantified with the Freiburg Visual Acuity Test","volume":"47","author":"Schulze-Bonsel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.05.004","article-title":"Visual acuity testing. From the laboratory to the clinic","volume":"90","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-014-9473-7","article-title":"ISCEV standard for full-field clinical electroretinography (2015 update)","volume":"130","author":"McCulloch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-016-9553-y","article-title":"ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials (2016 update)","volume":"133","author":"Odom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02584081","article-title":"Submicrovolt full-field cone electroretinograms: artifacts and reproducibility","volume":"92","author":"Birch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020505104334","article-title":"Inner-retinal contributions to the photopic sinusoidal flicker electroretinogram of macaques. Macaque photopic sinusoidal flicker ERG","volume":"105","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-011-9302-1","article-title":"Assessment of \u201cnon-recordable\u201d electroretinograms by 9 Hz flicker stimulation under scotopic conditions","volume":"124","author":"Schatz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002648202420","article-title":"Do's and don'ts in Fourier analysis of steady-state potentials","volume":"99","author":"Bach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0527","article-title":"Stray light-induced multifocal electroretinograms","volume":"44","author":"Shimada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11594","article-title":"Electrically elicited visual evoked potentials in Argus II retinal implant wearers","volume":"54","author":"Stronks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-019-09672-z","article-title":"Objective assessment of visual acuity: a refined model for analyzing the sweep VEP","volume":"138","author":"Strasser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-019-09726-2","article-title":"Evaluation of the \u201cFreiburg Acuity VEP\u201d on commercial equipment","volume":"140","author":"Bach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-015-9522-x","article-title":"Electrically evoked electroretinograms and pupil responses in Argus II retinal implant wearers","volume":"132","author":"Stronks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-011-9296-8","article-title":"ISCEV standard for clinical multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) (2011 edition)","volume":"124","author":"Hood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-015-9480-3","article-title":"Rod and cone contributions to the dark-adapted 15-Hz flicker electroretinogram","volume":"130","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.09.008","article-title":"Quantifying rod photoreceptor-mediated vision in retinal degenerations: dark-adapted thresholds as outcome measures","volume":"80","author":"Roman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N51","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/8\/N02","article-title":"Full-field stimulus testing (FST) to quantify visual perception in severely blind candidates for treatment trials","volume":"28","author":"Roman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-009-9204-7","article-title":"Psychophysical assessment of low visual function in patients with retinal degenerative diseases (RDDs) with the Diagnosys full-field stimulus threshold (D-FST)","volume":"119","author":"Klein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib38","first-page":"e4","article-title":"Results of phase III clinical trial subretinal gene therapy for RPE65-mediated Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA)","volume":"20","author":"Drack","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAAPOS"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0208","article-title":"Pulse trains to percepts: the challenge of creating a perceptually intelligible world with sight recovery technologies","volume":"370","author":"Fine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.2.4.1","article-title":"Factors affecting perceptual threshold in Argus II retinal prosthesis subjects","volume":"2","author":"Ahuja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0696","article-title":"Factors affecting perceptual thresholds in epiretinal prostheses","volume":"49","author":"de Balthasar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2595","article-title":"Predicting visual sensitivity in retinal prosthesis patients","volume":"50","author":"Horsager","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6467","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14396","article-title":"Factors affecting perceptual thresholds in a suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis","volume":"55","author":"Shivdasani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8401","article-title":"Frequency and amplitude modulation have different effects on the percepts elicited by retinal stimulation","volume":"53","author":"Nanduri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2897","article-title":"Brightness as a function of current amplitude in human retinal electrical stimulation","volume":"50","author":"Greenwald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016008","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/1\/016008","article-title":"Multiple components of ganglion cell desensitization in response to prosthetic stimulation","volume":"8","author":"Freeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9344","article-title":"Temporal properties of visual perception on electrical stimulation of the retina","volume":"53","author":"Perez Fornos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib48","first-page":"1785","article-title":"Retinal prosthesis phosphene shape analysis","volume":"2008","author":"Nanduri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90243-C","article-title":"Spatial localization without visual references","volume":"32","author":"White","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3746","article-title":"Spatiotemporal interactions in retinal prosthesis subjects","volume":"51","author":"Horsager","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5282","article-title":"Temporal interactions during paired-electrode stimulation in two retinal prosthesis subjects","volume":"52","author":"Horsager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-016-9557-7","article-title":"Transfer characteristics of subretinal visual implants: corneally recorded implant responses","volume":"133","author":"Stingl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-015-9522-x","article-title":"Electrically evoked electroretinograms and pupil responses in Argus II retinal implant wearers","volume":"132","author":"Stronks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11594","article-title":"Electrically elicited visual evoked potentials in Argus II retinal implant wearers","volume":"54","author":"Stronks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046162","article-title":"On the psychophysical law","volume":"64","author":"Stevens","year":"1957","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2897","article-title":"Brightness as a function of current amplitude in human retinal electrical stimulation","volume":"50","author":"Greenwald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160529","article-title":"Psychophysical evaluation for visual prosthesis","volume":"10","author":"Dagnelie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1747","article-title":"Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words","volume":"278","author":"Zrenner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3851","article-title":"Photovoltaic restoration of sight with high visual acuity","volume":"21","author":"Lorach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130077","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0077","article-title":"Artificial vision with wirelessly powered subretinal electronic implant alpha-IMS","volume":"280","author":"Stingl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912375","article-title":"Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics","volume":"49","author":"Levitt","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194552","article-title":"Measuring, estimating, and understanding the psychometric function: a commentary","volume":"63","author":"Klein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00457-7","article-title":"Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis","volume":"43","author":"Humayun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e595","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.2013.91.issue-8","article-title":"A test method for quantification of stimulus-induced depression effects on perceptual threshold in epiretinal prosthesis","volume":"91","author":"Velikay-Parel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/2\/1\/004","article-title":"Creating a meaningful visual perception in blind volunteers by optic nerve stimulation","volume":"2","author":"Brel\u00e9n","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5995","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6946","article-title":"Spatial resolution and perception of patterns mediated by a subretinal 16-electrode array in patients blinded by hereditary retinal dystrophies","volume":"52","author":"Wilke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7726","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14754","article-title":"Spatiotemporal interactions in the visual cortex following paired electrical stimulation of the retina","volume":"55","author":"Cicione","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"051003","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa795e","article-title":"Learning to see again: biological constraints on cortical plasticity and the implications for sight restoration technologies","volume":"14","author":"Beyeler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8077","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15391","article-title":"Virtual electrodes by current steering in retinal prostheses","volume":"55","author":"Dumm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6327","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17543","article-title":"Electrically evoked responses in the rabbit cortex induced by current steering with penetrating optic nerve electrodes","volume":"57","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2436712","article-title":"Threshold and channel interaction in cochlear implant users: evaluation of the tripolar electrode configuration","volume":"121","author":"Bierer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8259","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15392","article-title":"Importance of eye position on spatial localization in blind subjects wearing an Argus II retinal prosthesis","volume":"55","author":"Sabbah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20398","article-title":"Retinotopic to spatiotopic mapping in blind patients implanted with the Argus II retinal prosthesis","volume":"58","author":"Caspi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib76","first-page":"5283","article-title":"Enhancing scene structure in prosthetic vision using iso-disparity perturbance maps","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016003","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/12\/1\/016003","article-title":"Mobility and low contrast trip hazard avoidance using augmented depth","volume":"12","author":"McCarthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/10\/2\/026017","article-title":"Performance of visually guided tasks using simulated prosthetic vision and saliency-based cues","volume":"10","author":"Parikh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2016.02.015","article-title":"Semantic labelling for prosthetic vision","volume":"149","author":"Horne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Vis Image Underst"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.20","article-title":"Feasibility study of a retinal prosthesis: spatial vision with a 16-electrode implant","volume":"127","author":"Caspi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-301525","article-title":"The Argus II epiretinal prosthesis system allows letter and word reading and long-term function in patients with profound vision loss","volume":"97","author":"da Cruz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-14-71","article-title":"The Argus II prosthesis facilitates reaching and grasping tasks: a case series","volume":"14","author":"Kotecha","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/4\/1\/S11","article-title":"Real and virtual performance in simulated prosthetic vision","volume":"4","author":"Dagnelie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1963.03060120024016","article-title":"Studies of illness in the aged: The index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function","volume":"185","author":"Katz","year":"1963","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","article-title":"Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living","volume":"9","author":"Lawton","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1191\/026921599676896799","article-title":"The UK FIM+ FAM: development and evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Turner-Stokes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Rehab"},{"key":"bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2009.06.006","article-title":"Performance-based measures of visual function","volume":"55","author":"Warrian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.09.028","article-title":"Interim results from the international trial of Second Sight's visual prosthesis","volume":"119","author":"Humayun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib90","first-page":"1492","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. XV: font effects in normal and low vision","volume":"37","author":"Mansfield","year":"1996","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1034969","article-title":"A new German reading chart for the simultaneous evaluation of reading acuity and reading speed","volume":"213","author":"Radner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"bib92","first-page":"S419","article-title":"Visual impairment and functional status in older persons: methodologies for the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project","volume":"36","author":"West","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5452","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8284","article-title":"Standardized assessment of reading performance: the New International Reading Speed Texts IReST","volume":"53","author":"Trauzettel-Klosinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M209","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/52A.4.M209","article-title":"Assessing functional status: correlation between performance on tasks conducted in a clinic setting and performance on the same task conducted at home. The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project Team","volume":"52","author":"West","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.66.8.477","article-title":"A forced-choice test improves clinical contrast sensitivity testing","volume":"66","author":"Vaegan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305324","article-title":"A comparison of methods used to evaluate mobility performance in the visually impaired","volume":"99","author":"Warrian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12242","article-title":"FLORA: phase I development of a functional vision assessment for prosthetic vision users","volume":"98","author":"Geruschat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8458","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14732","article-title":"Developing an instrumental activities of daily living tool as part of the low vision assessment of daily activities protocol","volume":"55","author":"Finger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib99","first-page":"1197","article-title":"The development of a picture discrimination test for people with very poor vision","volume":"52","author":"Gulati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414221","article-title":"Long-term effect of gene therapy on Leber's congenital amaurosis","volume":"372","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802268","article-title":"Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber's congenital amaurosis","volume":"358","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib103","first-page":"74","article-title":"Effective mobility framework: a tool for designing comprehensive O&M outcomes research","volume":"7","author":"Deverell","year":"2015","journal-title":"IJOM"},{"key":"bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X9008400303","article-title":"Mobility in individuals with moderate visual impairments","volume":"84","author":"Long","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Vis Impair Blind"},{"key":"bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182686251","article-title":"Orientation and mobility assessment in retinal prosthetic clinical trials","volume":"89","author":"Geruschat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000891","article-title":"Developing a very low vision orientation & mobility test battery (O&M-VLV)","volume":"93","author":"Finger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198205000-00009","article-title":"Visual factors and orientation-mobility performance","volume":"59","author":"Marron","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199610000-00001","article-title":"Mobility of people with retinitis pigmentosa as a function of vision and psychological variables","volume":"73","author":"Haymes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2000.tb05017.x","article-title":"Preferred walking speed for assessment of mobility performance: sighted guide versus non-sighted guide techniques","volume":"83","author":"Soong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.2006.89.issue-4","article-title":"Measuring mobility performance: experience gained in designing a mobility course","volume":"89","author":"Leat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"bib114","first-page":"e51205","article-title":"A standardized obstacle course for assessment of visual function in ultra low vision and artificial vision","volume":"84","author":"Nau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X0509901010","article-title":"Establishing mobility measures to assess the effectiveness of night vision devices: results of a pilot study","volume":"99","author":"Zebehazy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Visual Impair Blind"},{"key":"bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1942","article-title":"Postural stability and gait among older adults with age-related maculopathy","volume":"50","author":"Wood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1995.95000259.x","article-title":"The Waterloo Vision and Mobility Study: postural control strategies in subjects with ARM","volume":"15","author":"Elliott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.7.1050","article-title":"Development of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire","volume":"119","author":"Mangione","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(01)00194-1","article-title":"Visual function assessment questionnaires","volume":"45","author":"Massof","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580490888771","article-title":"Likert and Guttman scaling of visual function rating scale questionnaires","volume":"11","author":"Massof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580590932789","article-title":"Application of stochastic measurement models to visual function rating scale questionnaires","volume":"12","author":"Massof","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580701487883","article-title":"What do different visual function questionnaires measure?","volume":"14","author":"Massof","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181339efd","article-title":"The Activity Inventory: an adaptive visual function questionnaire","volume":"84","author":"Massof","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.06.0115","article-title":"Timing and directions for administration of questionnaires affect outcomes measurement","volume":"43","author":"Stelmack","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181d408d7","article-title":"Item banking: a generational change in patient-reported outcome measurement","volume":"87","author":"Pesudovs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-198512000-00002","article-title":"An instrument to measure the activity level of the blind","volume":"8","author":"Becker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Rehab Res"},{"key":"bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199805000-00025","article-title":"A systems model for low vision rehabilitation. II. Measurement of vision disabilities","volume":"75","author":"Massof","year":"1998","journal-title":"Optom Vision Sci"},{"key":"bib130","first-page":"26","article-title":"The Visual Activities Questionnaire: developing an instrument for assessing problems in everyday visual tasks","volume":"1","author":"Sloane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tech Dig Noninvas Assess Vis Sys"},{"key":"bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199212000-00004","article-title":"Development of the \u201cActivities of Daily Vision Scale.\u201d A measure of visual functional status","volume":"30","author":"Mangione","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.11.1496","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ). NEI-VFQ Field Test Investigators","volume":"116","author":"Mangione","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.11.019","article-title":"Remediating serious flaws in the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire","volume":"36","author":"Pesudovs","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"bib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181339efd","article-title":"An interval-scaled scoring algorithm for visual function questionnaires","volume":"84","author":"Massof","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4131","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1238","article-title":"The development of the LV Prasad-Functional Vision Questionnaire: a measure of functional vision performance of visually impaired children","volume":"44","author":"Gothwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31826ca291","article-title":"The second version of the L. V. Prasad-Functional Vision Questionnaire","volume":"89","author":"Gothwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.05.010","article-title":"Development of an instrument to assess vision-related quality of life in young children","volume":"138","author":"Felius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3919","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0208","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Veterans Affairs Low-Vision Visual Functioning Questionnaire","volume":"45","author":"Stelmack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181339f1a","article-title":"Using the VA LV VFQ-48 and LV VFQ-20 in low vision rehabilitation","volume":"84","author":"Stelmack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4732","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0220","article-title":"The Impact of Vision Impairment Questionnaire: an evaluation of its measurement properties using Rasch analysis","volume":"47","author":"Lamoureux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib141","first-page":"927","article-title":"Assessment of the impact of vision impairment","volume":"43","author":"Weih","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580701772029","article-title":"Defining the content for a new quality of life questionnaire for students with low vision (the Impact of Vision Impairment on Children: IVI_C)","volume":"15","author":"Cochrane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6079","article-title":"The Impact of Vision Impairment for Children (IVI_C): validation of a vision-specific pediatric quality-of-life questionnaire using Rasch analysis","volume":"52","author":"Cochrane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.171181","article-title":"Development of the 25-item Cardiff Visual Ability Questionnaire for Children (CVAQC)","volume":"94","author":"Khadka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.07.055","article-title":"Development of the functional vision questionnaire for children and young people with visual impairment: the FVQ_CYP","volume":"120","author":"Tadic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.001","article-title":"Development of pediatric eye questionnaires for children with eye conditions","volume":"200","author":"Hatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.07.018","article-title":"Validation of the pediatric eye questionnaire in children with visual impairment","volume":"208","author":"Leske","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6150","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14731","article-title":"Developing the impact of Vision Impairment-Very Low Vision (IVI-VLV) questionnaire as part of the LoVADA protocol","volume":"55","author":"Finger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.6.3.11","article-title":"Development of the Ultra Low Vision-Visual Functioning Questionnaire (ULV-VFQ) as part of the Prosthetic Low Vision Rehabilitation (PLoVR) curriculum","volume":"6","author":"Jeter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Tech"},{"key":"bib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.6.3.12","article-title":"Optimizing the ULV-VFQ for clinical use through item set reduction: psychometric properties and trade-offs","volume":"6","author":"Dagnelie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Tech"},{"key":"bib151","first-page":"497","article-title":"Twenty Questions: an adaptive version of the PLoVR ultra-low vision (ULV) questionnaire","volume":"56","author":"Dagnelie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib152","first-page":"1838","article-title":"Comparison of retinal prosthesis wearers to individuals with severe vision loss in the development of an ultra-low vision questionnaire","volume":"55","author":"Adeyemo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"bib153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1611000202","article-title":"The functional performance of the BrainPort V100 device in persons who are profoundly blind","volume":"110","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vis Impair Blind"},{"key":"bib154","article-title":"Developing a calibrated ultra-low vision (ULV) assessment toolkit","volume":"92","author":"Dagnelie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib157","first-page":"771","article-title":"Beyond informed consent","volume":"82","author":"Bhutta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Org"},{"key":"bib158","first-page":"301","article-title":"Perspectives of optic nerve prostheses","volume":"11","author":"Lane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"bib159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2011.629326","article-title":"Responses of potential users to the intracortical visual prosthesis: Final themes from the analysis of focus group data","volume":"7","author":"Lane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"bib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2010.514381","article-title":"Planning for the first human intracortical visual prosthesis by using pilot data from focus groups of potential users","volume":"6","author":"Lane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"bib161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00002480-200101000-00002","article-title":"Altruism and the volunteer: psychological benefits from participating as a research subject","volume":"47","author":"Seelig","year":"2001","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"key":"bib162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1177\/00030651010490031901","article-title":"Normal and pathological altruism","volume":"49","author":"Seelig","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Psychoanal Assoc"},{"key":"bib164","first-page":"655","article-title":"Neuroprosthetics consumers\u2019 forum: consumer priorities for research directions","volume":"38","author":"Kilgore","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"bib165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.076232","article-title":"Voluntary participation and informed consent to international genetic research","volume":"96","author":"Marshall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1167\/2.2.5","article-title":"Comparing perceptual learning across tasks: a review","volume":"2","author":"Fine","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vision"},{"key":"bib4","article-title":"Visual standards - aspects and ranges of vision loss with emphasis on population surveys","author":"International Council of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-49331-2_5","article-title":"Testing visual functions in patients with visual prostheses","volume-title":"Artificial Sight: Basic Research, Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Advances","author":"Wilke","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib23","first-page":"354","article-title":"Sub-microvolt electroretinograms: negotiating the pitfalls of electricity and noise","volume-title":"Vision Science and Its Applications 1994","author":"Dagnelie","year":"1994"},{"key":"bib25","volume-title":"Electrophysiologic Testing in Disorders of the Retina, Optic Nerve, and Visual Pathway","author":"Fishman","year":"2001","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"bib62","volume-title":"Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics","author":"Green","year":"1974"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0754-7_19","article-title":"Phosphene mapping techniques for visual prostheses","volume-title":"Visual Prosthetics: Physiology, Bioengineering, Rehabilitation","author":"Stronks","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2014.6948408","article-title":"Importance weighted image enhancement for prosthetic vision: an augmentation framework","volume-title":"IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)","author":"McCarthy","year":"2014"},{"key":"bib102","volume-title":"Foundations of Orientation and Mobility","author":"Wiener","year":"2010","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"bib104","first-page":"493","article-title":"Spatial orientation, wayfinding, and representation","volume-title":"Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications","author":"Darken","year":"2002"},{"key":"bib105","volume-title":"Spatial Reference Frames Used in Mental Imagery Tasks. Blindness and Brain Plasticity in Navigation and Object Perception","author":"Mast","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib108","volume-title":"Functional Vision Research: Measuring Vision-Related Outcomes in Orientation and Mobility - VROOM","author":"Deverell","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib120","volume-title":"Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Use in Medical Product Development to Support Labeling Claims","author":"USFDA","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib121","volume-title":"Guideline on Clinical Trials in Small Populations","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2006"},{"key":"bib155","volume-title":"The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research","author":"National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research","year":"1978"},{"key":"bib156","volume-title":"Principles of Biomedical Ethics","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2001","edition":"5th ed."},{"key":"bib163","volume-title":"Who Goes First?","author":"Altman","year":"1986"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2770326","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T09:52:44Z","timestamp":1616665964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2770326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.9.8.25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]}}}