{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T23:19:13Z","timestamp":1778887153899,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598227200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.9.36","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T13:31:06Z","timestamp":1598275866000},"page":"36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Written in Blood: Applying Shape Grammars to Retinal Vasculatures"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ryan Y.","family":"Yeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken K.","family":"Nischal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Adult Motility, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"LeDuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1109\/42.845178","article-title":"Locating blood vessels in retinal images by piece-wise threshold probing of a matched filter response Department of Ophthalmology University of California, San Diego","volume":"19","author":"Hoover","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.001","article-title":"Retinal vasculature development in health and disease","volume":"63","author":"Selvam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.04.003","article-title":"Early detection of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"63","author":"Safi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31821ba2c4","article-title":"Increased retinal blood flow velocity in patients with early diabetes mellitus","volume":"32","author":"Burgansky-Eliash","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296816628546","article-title":"Automated diabetic retinopathy screening and monitoring using retinal fundus image analysis","volume":"10","author":"Bhaskaranand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib6","first-page":"940","article-title":"Automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy using an artificial neural network: a screening tool","volume":"37","author":"Gardner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.17216","article-title":"Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus photographs","volume":"316","author":"Gulshan","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0195-0","article-title":"Prediction of cardiovascular risk factors from retinal fundus photographs via deep learning","volume":"2","author":"Poplin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1109\/MVHI.2010.182","article-title":"Simulation of blood vessels for surgery simulators","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"2010 Int Conf Mach Vis Human-Machine Interface, MVHI 2010"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2759102","article-title":"End-to-end adversarial retinal image synthesis","volume":"37","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"bib12","first-page":"125","article-title":"Shape grammars and the generative specification of painting and sculpture","volume":"71","author":"Stiny","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proc Inf Process Congr"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1068\/b070343","article-title":"An introduction to shape and shape grammars","volume":"7","author":"Stiny","year":"1980","journal-title":"Environ and Plan B Plan Des"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1068\/b050005","article-title":"The Palladian grammar","volume":"5","author":"Stiny","year":"1978","journal-title":"Environ Plan B Plan Des"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1068\/b080295","article-title":"The language of the prairie: Frank Lloyd Wright's prairie houses","volume":"8","author":"Koning","year":"1981","journal-title":"Environ Plan B Plan Des"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1068\/b250205","article-title":"A blend of different tastes: the language of coffee makers","volume":"25","author":"Agarwal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Plan B Plan Des"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-002-0013-1","article-title":"Capturing a rebel: modeling the Harley-Davidson brand through a motorcycle shape grammar","volume":"13","author":"Pugliese","year":"2002","journal-title":"Res Eng Des"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(03)00023-1","article-title":"Speaking the Buick language: capturing, understanding, and exploring brand identity with shape grammars","volume":"25","author":"McCormack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Des Stud"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4233","article-title":"Deep learning in biomedicine","volume":"36","author":"Wainberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","article-title":"Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment.","volume":"9","author":"Hunter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput Sci Eng"},{"key":"bib23","first-page":"698\u2013701","article-title":"Retinal vessel segmentation via deep learning network and fully-connected conditional random fields","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc - Int Symp Biomed Imaging"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4","article-title":"U-net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","volume":"9351","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lect Notes Comput Sci"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2010.02.008","article-title":"Retinal vessel extraction by matched filter with first-order derivative of Gaussian","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1006\/cgip.1994.1042","article-title":"Building skeleton models via 3-D medial surface\/axis thinning algorithms","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"CVGIP Graph Model Image Process"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.15676\/ijeei","article-title":"3D model reconstruction of blood vessels in the retina with tubular structure","volume":"7","author":"Hichem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Electr Eng Informatics"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2002.800789","article-title":"Retinal vascular tree morphology: a semi-automatic quantification","volume":"49","author":"Martinez-Perez","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-664X(82)90043-0","article-title":"Algorithms for smoothing data with periodic and parametric splines","volume":"20","author":"Dierckx","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comput Graph Image Process"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060417000464","article-title":"Efficient probabilistic grammar induction for design","volume":"32","author":"Whiting","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif Intell Eng Des Anal Manuf AIEDAM"},{"key":"bib8","article-title":"Deep inside convolutional networks: visualising image classification models and saliency maps","author":"Simonyan","year":"2014"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6201.001.0001","volume-title":"Shape: Talking about Seeing and Doing","author":"Stiny","year":"2006"},{"key":"bib21","volume-title":"A guide to NumPy","author":"Oliphant","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2770700","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T13:31:09Z","timestamp":1598275869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2770700"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.9.9.36","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]}}}