{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:32:09Z","timestamp":1790235129231,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"15","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI115716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI115716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Solid organ transplantation can treat end-stage organ failure, but the half-life of transplanted organs colonized with commensals is much shorter than that of sterile organs. Whether organ colonization plays a role in this shorter half-life is not known. We have previously shown that an intact whole-body microbiota can accelerate the kinetics of solid organ allograft rejection in untreated colonized mice, when compared with germ-free (GF) or with antibiotic-pretreated colonized mice, by enhancing the capacity of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to activate graft-reactive T cells. However, the contribution of intestinal versus skin microbiota to these effects was unknown. Here, we demonstrate that colonizing the skin of GF mice with a single commensal,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while preventing intestinal colonization with oral vancomycin, was sufficient to accelerate skin graft rejection. Notably, unlike the mechanism by which whole-body microbiota accelerates skin graft rejection, cutaneous\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    did not enhance the priming of alloreactive T cells in the skin-draining lymph nodes. Rather, cutaneous\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    augmented the ability of skin APCs to drive the differentiation of alloreactive T cells. This study reveals that the extraintestinal donor microbiota can affect transplant outcome and may contribute to the shorter half-life of colonized organs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.127569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T12:01:48Z","timestamp":1563278508000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Skin-restricted commensal colonization accelerates skin graft rejection"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Yuk Man","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8554-5290","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Sepulveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luqiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Pirozzolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Theriault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gnotobiotic Research Animal Facility,"},{"name":"Section of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0460-0196","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anita S.","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine","family":"Belkaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metaorganism Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and"},{"name":"NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5707-6194","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria-Luisa","family":"Alegre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of 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