{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:59:09Z","timestamp":1787018349050,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"14","funder":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences","award":["90072171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90072171"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    HIV-1 infection remains incurable owing to the persistence of a viral reservoir that harbors integrated provirus within host cellular DNA. Increasing evidence links sex-based differences in HIV-1 immune responses and pathogenesis; however, little is known about differences in HIV-1 infection persistence. Here, we quantified persistent HIV-1 infection in 90 adults on suppressive antiretroviral therapy in Rakai, Uganda (57 female patients). Total HIV-1 DNA was quantified by PCR, and replication-competent provirus by quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). Immune phenotyping of T cell subsets and plasma biomarkers was also performed. We found that whereas both sexes had similar total HIV DNA levels, female patients had significantly fewer resting CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells harboring replication-competent virus, as measured by viral outgrowth in the QVOA. Factors associated with viral outgrowth differed by sex; notably, frequency of programmed cell death 1 (PD1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells correlated with reservoir size in male but not female patients. The sex-based differences in HIV-1 persistence observed in this cohort warrant additional research, especially given the widespread use of the QVOA to assess reservoir size and current explorations of PD1 agonists in cure protocols. Efforts should be made to power future cure studies to assess outcomes in both male and female patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.139287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T12:01:43Z","timestamp":1592308903000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Reduced HIV-1 latent reservoir outgrowth and distinct immune correlates among women in Rakai, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Prodger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-2115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adam A.","family":"Capoferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingo","family":"Kasule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taddeo","family":"Kityamuweesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Buule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Serwadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda."},{"name":"Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungyoon J.","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Schlusser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8112-2234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Craig","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Unit, Rocky Mountain 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