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Moreover, vaccines and antiviral drugs are not always effective or available for many respiratory viruses. We investigated how induction of effective and appropriate antigen-independent innate immunity in the upper airways can prevent the spread of respiratory virus infection to the vulnerable lower airways. Activation of TLR2, when restricted to the nasal turbinates, resulted in prompt induction of innate immune\u2013driven antiviral responses through action of cytokines, chemokines, and cellular activity in the upper but not the lower airways. We have defined how nasal epithelial cells and recruitment of macrophages work in concert and play pivotal roles to limit progression of influenza virus to the lungs and sustain protection for up to 7 days. These results reveal underlying mechanisms of how control of viral infection in the upper airways can occur and support the implementation of strategies that can activate TLR2 in nasal passages to provide rapid protection, especially for at-risk populations, against severe respiratory infection when vaccines and antiviral drugs are not always effective or available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T13:24:57Z","timestamp":1612877097000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["TLR2-mediated activation of innate responses in the upper airways confers antiviral protection of the lungs"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6883-797X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Georgia","family":"Deliyannis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter 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