{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:22:30Z","timestamp":1791872550977,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPP1117728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1117728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/M011569\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M011569\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Influenza virus infections affect millions of people annually, and current available vaccines provide varying rates of protection. However, the way in which the nasal microbiota, particularly established pneumococcal colonization, shape the response to influenza vaccination is not yet fully understood. In this study, we inoculated healthy adults with live\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and vaccinated them 3 days later with either tetravalent-inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) or live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). Vaccine-induced immune responses were assessed in nose, blood, and lung. Nasal pneumococcal colonization had no impact upon TIV-induced antibody responses to influenza, which manifested in all compartments. However, experimentally induced pneumococcal colonization dampened LAIV-mediated mucosal antibody responses, primarily IgA in the nose and IgG in the lung. Pulmonary influenza-specific cellular responses were more apparent in the LAIV group compared with either the TIV or an unvaccinated group. These results indicate that TIV and LAIV elicit differential immunity to adults and that LAIV immunogenicity is diminished by the nasal presence of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Therefore, nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization may affect LAIV efficacy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.141088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T12:39:47Z","timestamp":1611664787000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Pneumococcal colonization impairs mucosal immune responses to live attenuated influenza vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1021-098X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beatriz F.","family":"Carniel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Marcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2323-3611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jamie","family":"Rylance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther L.","family":"German","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1305-0299","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seher","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Rein\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6632-3142","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edessa","family":"Negera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elissavet","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7746-3279","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sherin","family":"Pojar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9129-5569","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carla","family":"Sol\u00f3rzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Bogaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6576-1116","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5297-9108","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helder I.","family":"Nakaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paolo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0594-0902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniela M.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4835-1032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon P.","family":"Jochems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7586-6050","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elena","family":"Mitsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"232","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33293-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"B2","first-page":"E28","article-title":"Quadrivalent influenza vaccine: a new opportunity to reduce the influenza burden","volume":"57","author":"Tisa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11206860-000000000-00000"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines3020373"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2920"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4091438"},{"issue":"10","key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.85832","article-title":"Vaccine-generated lung tissue-resident memory T cells provide heterosubtypic protection to influenza infection","volume":"1","author":"Zens","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400529"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir436"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57762"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1377376"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.04.005"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"WHO. Influenza vaccine viruses and reagents. http:\/\/www.who.int\/influenza\/vaccines\/virus\/en\/ Updated January 2021. Accessed January 20, 2021"},{"key":"B14"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3182798583"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12018"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162803"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2009"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"128","article-title":"Effects of rapid mass immunization of a population with live, oral poliovirus vaccine under conditions of massive enteric infection with other viruses","volume":"73","author":"Sabin","year":"1960","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.07.003"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001190"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.08.009"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01833-14"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40124-013-0021-9"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/50115"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201811-2081LE"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit207"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.05.016"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.67"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004300"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00408-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00414","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00414-16","article-title":"Comparisons of the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by live attenuated influenza vaccine and inactivated influenza vaccine in adults","volume":"24","author":"Hoft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/502574"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1003"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)00938-7"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017035"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30201-7"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103293"},{"issue":"1","key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01040","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01040-13","article-title":"Live attenuated influenza vaccine enhances colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in mice","volume":"5","author":"Mina","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"327","article-title":"Secondary bacterial infections in influenza virus infection pathogenesis","volume":"385","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2012.05.005"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70131-6"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003479"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3106","article-title":"Bacterial colonization dampens influenza-mediated acute lung injury via induction of M2 alveolar macrophages","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004339"},{"issue":"6","key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02359","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02359-18","article-title":"An infant mouse model of influenza virus transmission demonstrates the role of virus-specific shedding, humoral immunity, and sialidase expression by colonizing Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"9","author":"Ortigoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"381","article-title":"B cell responses to influenza infection and vaccination","volume":"386","author":"Chiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12012"},{"issue":"4","key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.4.1653","article-title":"Heterosubtypic immunity to influenza type A virus in mice. Effector mechanisms and their longevity","volume":"152","author":"Liang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.051237"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-05"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00195","article-title":"Heterosubtypic T-cell immunity to influenza in humans: challenges for universal T-cell influenza vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Sridhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.10"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102243"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0313180"},{"key":"B56","first-page":"399","article-title":"Memory CD4 T cells in influenza","volume":"386","author":"Zens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-006-0024-5"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-0026-2"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rein\u00e9 J, et al. Dynamic changes in innate immune and T cell function and composition at the nasal mucosa across the human lifespan [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/576744 Posted on bioRxiv March 14, 2019","DOI":"10.1101\/576744"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0542OC"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.71"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0777-0"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.708942"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0231-y"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1157"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.97"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw377"}],"container-title":["JCI Insight"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/141088\/files\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:47:57Z","timestamp":1779151677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/141088"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1172\/jci.insight.141088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.141088","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.02.24.20025098","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2379-3708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-3708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"article-number":"e141088"}}