{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T19:47:36Z","timestamp":1793908056500,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007553","name":"Aids Fonds","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P-29001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P-29001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["833247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["833247"]}]},{"name":"FWO","award":["1.8.020.09.N.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.8.020.09.N.00"]}]},{"name":"Collen-Francqui Research Professor Mandate","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"name":"research foundation flanders","award":["1S32916N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S32916N"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["AI-15614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI-15614"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction play a key role in the development of non-AIDS\u2013related comorbidities. The aim of our study was to characterize the functional phenotype of immune cells in people living with HIV (PLHIV). We enrolled a cross-sectional cohort study of PLHIV on stable antiretroviral therapy and healthy controls. We assessed ex vivo cytokine production capacity and transcriptomics of monocytes and T cells upon bacterial, fungal, and viral stimulation. PLHIV exhibited an exacerbated proinflammatory profile in monocyte-derived cytokines, but not in lymphocyte-derived cytokines. Particularly, the production of the IL-1\u03b2 to imiquimod,\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    LPS, and\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was increased, and this production correlated with plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and soluble CD14. This increase in monocyte responsiveness remained stable over time in subsequent blood sampling after more than 1 year. Transcriptome analyses confirmed priming of the monocyte IL-1\u03b2 pathway, consistent with a monocyte-trained immunity phenotype. Increased plasma concentrations of \u03b2-glucan, a well-known inducer of trained immunity, were associated with increased innate cytokine responses. Monocytes of PLHIV exhibited a sustained proinflammatory immune phenotype with priming of the IL-1\u03b2 pathway. Training of the innate immune system in PLHIV likely plays a role in long-term HIV complications and provides a promising therapeutic target for inflammation-related comorbidities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.145928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T20:33:28Z","timestamp":1614458008000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Chronic HIV infection induces transcriptional and functional reprogramming of innate immune cells"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2467-6780","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wouter A.","family":"van der Heijden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 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