{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T21:31:42Z","timestamp":1785792702404,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"USDA\/ARS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["3092-51000-057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3092-51000-057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"USDA\/ARS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["3092-51000-057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3092-51000-057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic flexibility (MF) refers to the relative ability to utilize lipid and carbohydrate substrates and to transition between them. It is not clear whether MF is impaired in obese youth and what the determining factors are.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We investigated the determinants of MF (increased respiratory exchange ratio [\u0394RER] under insulin-stimulated conditions) in pubertal youth (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 104; 15.6 \u00b1 1.8 years) with obesity across the spectrum of glucose tolerance compared with normal weight (NW) controls, including body composition (fat-free mass [FFM], %body fat), visceral adipose fat (VAT) (MRI), glycemia, and insulin sensitivity (IS) [3-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with measurement of lipolysis ([\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      H\n                      <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ] glycerol), free fatty acids (FFAs), and RER (indirect calorimetry)].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Youth with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes had lower \u0394RER and oxidative and nonoxidative glucose disposal compared with NW, with no significant difference in \u0394RER between NW and obese with normal glucose tolerance. In multiple regression analysis, IS\n                      <jats:sub>FFM<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\u03b2 = 0.4,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004), percentage suppression of FFAs (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.26,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.007), and race\/ethnicity (\u03b2 = \u20130.23,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02) contributed to the variance in \u0394RER (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.30,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) independent of percentage body fat (or VAT), sex, Tanner stage, and hemoglobin A1c.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MF is defective at the extreme of the metabolic phenotype in obese youth with dysglycemia related to a defect in IS limiting substrate utilization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>FUNDING<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>USDA\/ARS Project Number 3092-51000-057.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:47:09Z","timestamp":1779151629000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Metabolic flexibility across the spectrum of glycemic regulation in youth"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9942-1889","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fida","family":"Bacha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural 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