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We tested the hypothesis that hormone- or sex chromosome\u2013mediated mechanisms interact with hyperoxia exposure to impact injury and repair in the neonatal lung. To distinguish sex differences caused by gonadal hormones versus sex chromosome complement (XX versus XY), we used the Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mice and exposed them to hyperoxia (95% FiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , P1\u2013P4: saccular stage) or room air. This model generates XX and XY mice that each have either testes (with\n                    <jats:italic>Sry<\/jats:italic>\n                    , XXM, or XYM) or ovaries (without\n                    <jats:italic>Sry<\/jats:italic>\n                    , XXF, or XYF). Lung alveolarization and vascular development were more severely impacted in XYM and XYF compared with XXF and XXM mice. Cell cycle\u2013related pathways were enriched in the gonadal or chromosomal females, while muscle-related pathways were enriched in the gonadal males, and immune-response\u2013related pathways were enriched in chromosomal males. Female gene signatures showed a negative correlation with human patients who developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or needed oxygen therapy at 28 days. These results demonstrate that chromosomal sex \u2014 and not gonadal sex \u2014 impacted the response to neonatal hyperoxia exposure. The female sex chromosomal complement was protective and could mediate sex-specific differences in the neonatal lung injury.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T12:03:54Z","timestamp":1622549034000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Effect of sex chromosomes versus hormones in neonatal lung injury"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0682-3134","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandra L.","family":"Grimm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Biology Department,"},{"name":"Center for Precision Environmental Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 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