{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:02:41Z","timestamp":1792735361908,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The foreskin is a site of heterosexual acquisition of HIV-1 among uncircumcised men. However, some men remain HIV-negative despite repeated, unprotected vaginal intercourse with HIV-positive partners, while others become infected after few exposures. The foreskin microbiome includes a diverse group of anaerobic bacteria that have been linked to HIV acquisition. However, these anaerobes tend to coassociate, making it difficult to determine which species might increase HIV risk and which may be innocent bystanders. Here, we show that 6 specific anaerobic bacterial species,\n                    <jats:italic>Peptostreptococcus anaerobius<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella bivia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella disiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Dialister propionicifaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Dialister micraerophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and a genetic near neighbor of\n                    <jats:italic>Dialister succinatiphilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , significantly increased cytokine production, recruited HIV-susceptible CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells to the inner foreskin, and were associated with HIV acquisition. This strongly suggests that the penile microbiome increases host susceptibility to HIV and that these species are potential targets for microbiome-based prevention strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.147363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T14:02:07Z","timestamp":1619013727000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Penile bacteria associated with HIV seroconversion, inflammation, and immune cells"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Prodger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison G.","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron A.R.","family":"Tobian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-5487","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maliha","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey","family":"Roach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald H.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lane","family":"Buchanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Kigozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald M.","family":"Galiwango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ssekasanvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Nnamutete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kagaayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1586-4093","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rupert","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy M.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"232","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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