{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T00:12:46Z","timestamp":1793664766379,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["U19-AI089992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AI089992"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01-AI104739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI104739"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["U24 AI1867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24 AI1867"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005326","name":"Yale University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Harold W. Jockers Professorship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Harold W. Jockers Professorship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The skin lesion erythema migrans (EM) is an initial sign of the\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic>\n                    tick\u2013transmitted\n                    <jats:italic>Borreliella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spirochetal infection known as Lyme disease. T cells and innate immune cells have previously been shown to predominate the EM lesion and promote the reaction. Despite the established importance of B cells and antibodies in preventing infection, the role of B cells in the skin immune response to\n                    <jats:italic>Borreliella<\/jats:italic>\n                    is unknown. Here, we used single-cell RNA-Seq in conjunction with B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing to immunophenotype EM lesions and their associated B cells and BCR repertoires. We found that B cells were more abundant in EM in comparison with autologous uninvolved skin; many were clonally expanded and had circulating relatives. EM-associated B cells upregulated the expression of MHC class II genes and exhibited preferential IgM isotype usage. A subset also exhibited low levels of somatic hypermutation despite a gene expression profile consistent with memory B cells. Our study demonstrates that single-cell gene expression with paired BCR sequencing can be used to interrogate the sparse B cell populations in human skin and reveals that B cells in the skin infection site in early Lyme disease expressed a phenotype consistent with local antigen presentation and antibody production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.148035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T09:31:09Z","timestamp":1622539869000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Single-cell immunophenotyping of the skin lesion erythema migrans identifies IgM memory B cells"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8494-082X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruoyi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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