{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:21:38Z","timestamp":1792790498290,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":77,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["202485\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202485\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["210662\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210662\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    SARS-CoV-2 infects epithelial cells of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract and causes related symptoms. HIV infection impairs gut homeostasis and is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 fatality. To investigate the potential link between these observations, we analyzed single-cell transcriptional profiles and SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor expression across lymphoid and mucosal human tissue from chronically HIV-infected individuals and uninfected controls. Absorptive gut enterocytes displayed the highest coexpression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors\n                    <jats:italic>ACE2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>TMPRSS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>TMPRSS4<\/jats:italic>\n                    , of which\n                    <jats:italic>ACE2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression was associated with canonical interferon response and antiviral genes. Chronic treated HIV infection was associated with a clear antiviral response in gut enterocytes and, unexpectedly, with a substantial reduction of\n                    <jats:italic>ACE2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>TMPRSS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    target cells. Gut tissue from SARS-CoV-2\u2013infected individuals, however, showed abundant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in both the large and small intestine, including an HIV-coinfected individual. Thus, upregulation of antiviral response genes and downregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>ACE2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>TMPRSS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the GI tract of HIV-infected individuals does not prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in this compartment. The impact of these HIV-associated intestinal mucosal changes on SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics, disease severity, and vaccine responses remains unclear and requires further investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.148920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T12:00:46Z","timestamp":1626091246000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["HIV infection drives interferon signaling within intestinal SARS-CoV-2 target cells"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Rabiah","family":"Fardoos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa."},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osaretin E.","family":"Asowata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South 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