{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:33:28Z","timestamp":1790789608361,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Roughly 1 year after the first case of COVID-19 was identified and less than 1 year after the sequencing of SARS-CoV-2, multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with demonstrated safety and efficacy in phase III clinical trials are available. The most promising vaccines have targeted the surface glycoprotein (S-protein) of SARS-CoV-2 and achieved an approximate 85%\u201395% reduction in the risk of symptomatic COVID-19, while retaining excellent safety profiles and modest side effects in the phase III clinical trials. The mRNA, replication-incompetent viral vector, and protein subunit vaccine technologies have all been successfully employed. Some novel SARS-CoV-2 variants evade but do not appear to fully overcome the potent immunity induced by these vaccines. Emerging real-world effectiveness data add evidence for protection from severe COVID-19. This is an impressive first demonstration of the effectiveness of the mRNA vaccine and vector vaccine platforms. The success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development should be credited to open science, industry partnerships, harmonization of clinical trials, and the altruism of study participants. The manufacturing and distribution of the emergency use\u2013authorized SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are ongoing challenges. What remains now is to ensure broad and equitable global vaccination against COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.149187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T12:04:12Z","timestamp":1617710652000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a triumph of science and collaboration"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0009-5815","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Golob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Njira","family":"Lugogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam S.","family":"Lauring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-6845","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna S.","family":"Lok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"232","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12603","article-title":"Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19","volume":"324","author":"Carf\u00ec","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chopra V, et al. Sixty-day outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 [published online November 11, 2020]. Ann Intern Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/m20-5661","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5661"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines Updated April 2, 2021. Accessed March 18, 2021"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2006100"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16656"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.017"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034545"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026"},{"issue":"23","key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01410-20","article-title":"Type I interferon susceptibility distinguishes SARS-CoV-2 from SARS-CoV","volume":"94","author":"Lokugamage","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.07.016"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.025"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2607-z"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2608-y"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024671"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093620"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61591-3"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30476-X"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00243-x","article-title":"Ad26 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine encoding a prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spike immunogen induces potent humoral and cellular immune responses","volume":"5","author":"Bos","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31604-4"},{"key":"B22"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00432-3"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emary KRW, et al. Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 VOC 202012\/01 (B.1.1.7) [preprint]. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3779160 Posted on SSRN February 4, 2021","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3779160"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00234-8"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31605-6"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022483"},{"issue":"10267","key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32466-1","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"396","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephenson KE, et al. Immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine for COVID-19 [published online March 11, 2021]. JAMA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.3645","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3645"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.27124"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Q, et al. SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 variants lack higher infectivity but do have immune escape [published by February 23, 2021]. Cell. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.042"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf6950"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, et al. Neutralizing activity of BNT162b2-elicited serum \u2014 preliminary report [published online February 17, 2021]. N Engl J Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmc2102017","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2102017"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu K, et al. Serum neutralizing activity elicited by mRNA-1273 vaccine \u2014 preliminary report [published online February 17, 2021]. N Engl J Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmc2102179","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2102179"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Z, et al. mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.01.15.426911 Posted on bioRxiv February 10, 2021","DOI":"10.3410\/f.739524179.793585051"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen X, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 is susceptible to neutralizing antibodies elicited by ancestral Spike vaccines [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.01.27.428516 Posted on bioRxiv January 23, 2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.03.002"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu K, et al. mRNA-1273 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies against spike mutants from global SARS-CoV-2 variants [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.01.25.427948 Posted on bioRxiv January 25, 2021","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.25.427948"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang P, et al. Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.01.25.428137 Posted on bioRxiv February 12, 2021","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.25.428137"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madhi SA, et al. Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant [published online March 16, 2021]. N Engl J Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa2102214","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102214"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dagan N, et al. BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting [published online February 24, 2021]. N Engl J Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa2101765","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101765"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossman H, et al. Patterns of COVID-19 pandemic dynamics following deployment of a broad national immunization program [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.02.08.21251325 Posted on medRxiv March 8, 2021","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.08.21251325"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasileiou E. Effectiveness of first dose of COVID-19 vaccines against hospital admissions in Scotland: national prospective cohort study of 5.4 Million people [preprint]. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3789264 Posted on SSRN February 19, 2021","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3789264"},{"issue":"8","key":"B44","first-page":"283","article-title":"First month of COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring \u2014 United States, December 14, 2020\u2013January 13, 2021","volume":"70","author":"Gee","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"B45"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krammer F, et al. Robust spike antibody responses and increased reactogenicity in seropositive individuals after a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.01.29.21250653 Posted on medRxiv February 1, 2021","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.29.21250653"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciccone EJ, et al. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity after infection and antibody response to mRNA-based vaccination [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.02.09.21251319 Posted on medRxiv February 22, 2021","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.09.21251319"},{"issue":"4","key":"B48","first-page":"125","article-title":"Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis after receipt of the first dose of Moderna COVID-19 vaccine \u2014 United States, December 21, 2020-January 10, 2021","volume":"70","author":"CDC COVID-19 Response Team","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2035343"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aran D. Estimating real-world COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in Israel using aggregated counts [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.02.05.21251139 Posted on medRxiv February 19, 2021","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.05.21251139"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/26.4.404"}],"container-title":["JCI Insight"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/149187\/files\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:45:10Z","timestamp":1779151510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/149187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1172\/jci.insight.149187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.149187","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-3708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-3708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"article-number":"e149187"}}