{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T01:06:46Z","timestamp":1793840806658,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1TR001414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["F31 A028704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31 A028704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1TR001414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have shown exceptional clinical efficacy, providing robust protection against severe disease. However, our understanding of transcriptional and repertoire changes following full vaccination remains incomplete. We used scRNA-Seq and functional assays to compare humoral and cellular responses to 2 doses of mRNA vaccine with responses observed in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic disease. Our analyses revealed enrichment of spike-specific B cells, activated CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, and robust antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell responses following vaccination. On the other hand, although clonally expanded CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells were observed following both vaccination and natural infection, CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell responses were relatively weak and variable. In addition, TCR gene usage was variable, reflecting the diversity of repertoires and MHC polymorphism in the human population. Natural infection induced expansion of CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell clones that occupy distinct clusters compared to those induced by vaccination and likely recognize a broader set of viral antigens of viral epitopes presented by the virus not seen in the mRNA vaccine. Our study highlights a coordinated adaptive immune response in which early CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell responses facilitate the development of the B cell response and substantial expansion of effector CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, together capable of contributing to future recall responses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.153201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T14:00:48Z","timestamp":1640095248000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Single-cell profiling of T and B cell repertoires following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4141-8564","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suhas","family":"Sureshchandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry,"},{"name":"Institute for Immunology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sloan A.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry,"},{"name":"Institute for Immunology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna M.","family":"Doratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry,"},{"name":"Institute for Immunology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1316-1332","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allen","family":"Jankeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Coimbra Ibraim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3203-2405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ilhem","family":"Messaoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry,"},{"name":"Institute for Immunology, and"},{"name":"Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."},{"name":"Department fo Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Levington, Kentucky, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"232","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00522-1"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171450"},{"issue":"16","key":"B3","first-page":"1577","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2032195"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine through 6 months","author":"Thomas","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abi6950"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.005"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2814-7"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.08.001"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CDC. If You Need a Second Shot. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/vaccines\/second-shot.html Updated October 18, 2021. Accessed November 3, 2021","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.003"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mateus J, et al. Low dose mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine generates durable T cell memory and antibodies enhanced by pre-existing crossreactive T cell memory [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.30.21259787 Posted on medRxiv July 5, 2021","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.30.21259787"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01329-2"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheikh-Mohamed S, et al. A mucosal antibody response is induced by intra-muscular SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.08.01.21261297 Posted on medRxiv August 19, 2021","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.08.01.21261297"},{"key":"B16","article-title":"Anti- SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain antibody evolution after mRNA vaccination","author":"Cho","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03207-w"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abg6916"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03738-2"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ssemaganda A, et al. Expansion of tissue-resident CD8+ T cells and CD4+ Th17 cells in the nasal mucosa following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.05.07.442971 Posted on bioRxiv May 9, 2021","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.07.442971"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abf7550"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0762-x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.430","article-title":"Identification of potential vaccine targets for COVID-19 by combining single-cell and bulk TCR sequencing","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028436"},{"issue":"5","key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02243","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02243-20","article-title":"Impaired cytotoxic CD8+ T cell response in elderly COVID-19 patients","volume":"11","author":"Westmeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.693054"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0995-0"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI141054"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8511"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mudd PA, et al. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination elicits robust and persistent T follicular helper cell response in humans [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.09.08.459485 Posted on bioRxiv September 8, 2021","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.09.08.459485"}],"container-title":["JCI Insight"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/153201\/files\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T23:40:41Z","timestamp":1779147641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/153201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1172\/jci.insight.153201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.153201","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.07.14.452381","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2379-3708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-3708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"article-number":"e153201"}}