{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:40:01Z","timestamp":1787938801112,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health Grants","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R33CA229042-02S1 (JPS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33CA229042-02S1 (JPS)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health Grants","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5T32HD044355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32HD044355"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health Grants","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 EB029341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EB029341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health Grants","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R33 CA229042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33 CA229042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health Grants","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P41 EB028239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41 EB028239"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships","award":["2016218370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016218370"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships","award":["2018268995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018268995"]}]},{"name":"National Research Service Award (NRSA) fellowships","award":["1F31CA254121-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1F31CA254121-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cross-reactive immunity between SARS-CoV-2 and other related coronaviruses has been well-documented, and it may play a role in preventing severe COVID-19. Epidemiological studies early in the pandemic showed a geographical association between high influenza vaccination rates and lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We, therefore, analyzed whether exposure to influenza A virus (IAV) antigens could influence the T cell repertoire in response to SARS-CoV-2, indicating a heterologous immune response between these 2 unrelated viruses. Using artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) combined with real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), we developed a sensitive assay to quickly screen for antigen-specific T cell responses and detected a significant correlation between responses to SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and IAV dominant epitope (M1\n                    <jats:sub>58\u201366<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Further analysis showed that some COVID-19 convalescent donors exhibited both T cell receptor (TCR) specificity and functional cytokine responses to multiple SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and M1\n                    <jats:sub>58\u201366<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Utilizing an aAPC-based stimulation\/expansion assay, we detected cross-reactive T cells with specificity to SARS-CoV-2 and IAV. In addition, TCR sequencing of the cross-reactive and IAV-specific T cells revealed similarities between the TCR repertoires of the two populations. These results indicate that heterologous immunity shaped by our exposure to other unrelated endemic viruses may affect our immune response to novel viruses such as SARS-CoV-2.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.158308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T14:00:48Z","timestamp":1663768848000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2\u2013 and influenza A\u2013specific T cells in individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2400-6186","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Worarat","family":"Chaisawangwong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore","family":"Kouo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian F.","family":"Salathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2938-0815","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ariel","family":"Isser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-1965","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joan Glick","family":"Bieler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya L.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0909-9284","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natalie K.","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Horowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ExpressCare Urgent Care, Bel Air, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6616-1577","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ron E.","family":"Samet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3422-9631","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Israel","family":"Zyskind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Maimonides Medical Center, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2356-950X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Avi Z.","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5346-2776","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Schneck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine,"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Institute for Nanobiotechnology and"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"232","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins. 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