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In this study, we tested whether preventative and therapeutic vaccination could be achieved by direct injection of antigen-expressing lentiviral vector, obviating the need for ex vivo transduction of dendritic cells. Injected lentiviral vector preferentially transduced splenic dendritic cells and resulted in long-term expression. Injection of a lentiviral vector encoding an MHC class I\u2013restricted T cell epitope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and CD40 ligand induced an antigen-specific cytolytic CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T lymphocyte response that protected the mice from infection. The injection of chronically infected mice with a lentiviral vector encoding LCMV MHC class I and II T cell epitopes and a soluble programmed cell death 1 microbody rapidly cleared the virus. Vaccination by direct injection of lentiviral vector was more effective in sterile alpha motif and HD-domain containing protein 1\u2013knockout (SAMHD1-knockout) mice, suggesting that lentiviral vectors containing Vpx, a lentiviral protein that increases the efficiency of dendritic cell transduction by inducing the degradation of SAMHD1, would be an effective strategy for the treatment of chronic disease in humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.161598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T12:00:34Z","timestamp":1660651234000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Directly injected lentiviral vector\u2013based T cell vaccine protects mice against acute and chronic viral infection"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0779-9954","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takuya","family":"Tada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Leibowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9997-1004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathaniel R.","family":"Landau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"232","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.6.1477"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v2010111"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02251-6"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.10.6304-6313.1995"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(98)80029-3"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-2254(200009\/10)2:5<308::AID-JGM131>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.17.8033"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(08)60600-7","article-title":"Generation of high-titer pseudotyped retroviral vectors with very broad host range","volume":"43 Pt A","author":"Yee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Methods Cell Biol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32588"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/21624011.2014.963424"},{"issue":"7","key":"B11","article-title":"Trial watch: Dendritic cell-based anticancer immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Garg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70585-0"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-017-8931-1"},{"issue":"12","key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17121985","article-title":"Dendritic cell-based immunotherapies to fight HIV: how far from a success story? 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