{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:28:27Z","timestamp":1787563707162,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fogarty International","award":["R01DA044920,U54CA221204,D43 TWO10354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA044920,U54CA221204,D43 TWO10354"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Subtype B HIV-1 reservoirs have been intensively investigated, but reservoirs in other subtypes and how they respond to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is substantially less established. To characterize subtype C HIV-1 reservoirs, we implemented postmortem frozen, as well as formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sampling of central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. HIV-1\n                    <jats:italic>LTR<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>gag<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>envelope<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>env<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) DNA and RNA was quantified using genomic DNA and RNA extracted from frozen tissues. RNAscope was used to localize subtype C HIV-1 DNA and RNA in FFPE tissue. Despite uniform viral load suppression in our cohort, PCR results showed that subtype C HIV-1 proviral copies vary both in magnitude and tissue distribution, with detection primarily in secondary lymphoid tissues. Interestingly, the appendix harbored proviruses in all subjects. Unlike subtype B, subtype C provirus was rarely detectable in the CNS, and there was no detectable HIV-1 RNA. HIV-1 RNA was detected in peripheral lymphoid tissues of 6 out of 8 ART-suppressed cases. In addition to active HIV-1 expression in lymphoid tissues, RNAscope revealed HIV RNA detection in CD4-expressing cells in the appendix, suggesting that this tissue was a previously unreported potential treatment-resistant reservoir for subtype C HIV-1.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.162604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T14:00:56Z","timestamp":1666533656000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Subtype C HIV-1 reservoirs throughout the body in ART-suppressed individuals"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Zhou","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA."},{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, 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