{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:44:52Z","timestamp":1793411092684,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DE028544,DE028544-02S1,Z01-DE000704,Z01-DE00695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE028544,DE028544-02S1,Z01-DE000704,Z01-DE00695"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic inflammation of the lacrimal and salivary glands (SG), dry eyes and mouth, and systemic symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 may trigger the development or progression of autoimmune diseases. To test this, we used a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and convalescent patients\u2019 blood and SG in order to understand the development of SjD-like autoimmunity after infection. First, SARS-CoV-2\u2013infected human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transgenic mice exhibited decreased salivation, elevated antinuclear antibodies (ANA), and lymphocytic infiltration in the lacrimal and SG. The sera from patients with COVID-19 sera showed increased ANA (i.e., anti-SSA [Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s-syndrome-related antigen A]\/anti-Ro52 and anti-SSB [SS-antigen B]\/anti-La). Male patients showed elevated anti-SSA compared with female patients, and female patients exhibited diverse ANA patterns. SG biopsies from convalescent COVID-19 patients were microscopically similar to SjD SG with focal lymphocytic infiltrates in 4 of 6 patients and 2 of 6 patients exhibiting focus scores of at least 2. Lastly, monoclonal antibodies produced in recovered patients blocked ACE2\/spike interaction and cross-reacted with nuclear antigens. Our study shows a direct association between SARS-CoV-2 and SjD. Hallmark features of SjD-affected SGs were histologically indistinguishable from convalescent COVID-19 patients. The results implicate that SARS-CoV-2 could be an environmental trigger for SjD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.166540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T12:01:06Z","timestamp":1694088066000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evidence of a Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease\u2013like phenotype following COVID-19 in mice and humans"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yiran","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandria","family":"Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 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