{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T22:16:55Z","timestamp":1779142615847,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["NUM-NAPKON (01KX2021)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NUM-NAPKON (01KX2021)"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["NaFoUniMedCovid19 (FKZ: 01KX2021)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NaFoUniMedCovid19 (FKZ: 01KX2021)"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices","award":["COVIM-Boost (V-2021.3\/1503_68403\/2021-2022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVIM-Boost (V-2021.3\/1503_68403\/2021-2022)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After its introduction as standard-of-care for severe COVID-19, dexamethasone has been administered to a large number of patients globally. Detailed knowledge of its impact on the cellular and humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 remains scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included immunocompetent individuals with (a) mild COVID-19, (b) severe COVID-19 before introduction of dexamethasone treatment, and (c) severe COVID-19 infection treated with dexamethasone from prospective observational cohort studies at Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Germany. We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 spike\u2013reactive T cells, spike-specific IgG titers, and serum neutralizing activity against B.1.1.7 and B.1.617.2 in samples ranging from 2 weeks to 6 months after infection. We also analyzed BA.2 neutralization in sera after booster immunization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with severe COVID-19 and dexamethasone treatment had lower T cell and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 compared with patients without dexamethasone treatment in the early phase of disease, which converged in both groups before 6 months after infection and also after immunization. Patients with mild COVID-19 had comparatively lower T cell and antibody responses than patients with severe disease, including a lower response to booster immunization during convalescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dexamethasone treatment was associated with a short-term reduction in T cell and antibody responses in severe COVID-19 when compared with the nontreated group, but this difference evened out 6 months after infection. We confirm higher cellular and humoral immune responses in patients after severe versus mild COVID-19 and the concept of improved hybrid immunity upon immunization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>FUNDING<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Berlin Institute of Health, German Federal Ministry of Education, and German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.166711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T12:00:40Z","timestamp":1678190440000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Short- and long-term T cell and antibody responses following dexamethasone treatment in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8979-9386","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Thibeault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Bardtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanika","family":"Vanshylla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and 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