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However, proinflammatory cytokines produced by Th1 cells can damage tissues and require tight regulation. Th1 cell IL-10 production is an important cell\u2013autologous mechanism to prevent such damage. However, IL-10\u2013producing Th1 (type 1 regulatory; Tr1) cells can also delay control of parasites and the generation of immunity following drug treatment or vaccination. To identify molecules to target in order to alter the balance between Th1 and Tr1 cells for improved antiparasitic immunity, we compared the molecular and phenotypic profiles of Th1 and Tr1 cells in experimental VL caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection of C57BL\/6J mice. We also identified a shared Tr1 cell protozoan signature by comparing the transcriptional profiles of Tr1 cells from mice with experimental VL and malaria. We identified LAG3 as an important coinhibitory receptor in patients with VL and experimental VL, and we reveal tissue-specific heterogeneity of coinhibitory receptor expression by Tr1 cells. We also discovered a role for the transcription factor Pbx1 in suppressing CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell cytokine production. This work provides insights into the development and function of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells during protozoan parasitic infections and identifies key immunoregulatory molecules.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.169362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T12:00:31Z","timestamp":1698926431000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A molecular signature for IL-10\u2013producing Th1 cells in protozoan parasitic diseases"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5881-263X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chelsea L.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia."},{"name":"University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, 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