{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:51:41Z","timestamp":1791996701063,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women\u2019s Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["DK042191-S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK042191-S1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011684","name":"Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SRA-882725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRA-882725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Eklund Foundation","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sex is an often overlooked, yet compulsory, biological variable when performing biomedical research. Periodontitis is a common yet progressively debilitating chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the tissues supporting teeth that ultimately leads to tooth loss if left untreated. The incidence of periodontitis is sex biased, with increased prevalence in males compared with females but with unknown etiology. We performed a sex-specific meta-analysis using publicly available oral microbiome data from different sampling sites of patients with periodontitis and periodontally healthy controls; sex balance was established for each periodontal health condition. Our results show sex-based diversity in oral biofilms of individuals with periodontitis but not in their saliva, with increased abundance of several periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaques from females compared with males. We devised a quantitative measure, uniquely defined as the Microsexome Index (MSI), which indicates that sexual dimorphism in subgingival bacterial composition is a distinct feature of reduced microbial diversity during periodontitis but not under healthy conditions. In addition, we found that smoking exacerbates microsexome diversity in supragingival biofilms, particularly during periodontitis. Taken together, we provide insights regarding sex-based diversity in periodontitis, a disease with multiorgan associations, and provide the rationale for further mechanistic, diagnostic, and therapeutic studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.171311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T15:05:51Z","timestamp":1726067151000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Meta-analysis of oral microbiome reveals sex-based diversity in biofilms during periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Del Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Salvatore Hospital, Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA."},{"name":"Oral DISeases and SYstemic interactions study group (ODISSY 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