{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T05:55:44Z","timestamp":1782539744487,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PS3751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS3751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus with preferential CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell tropism that causes a range of conditions spanning from asymptomatic infection to adult T cell leukemia and HTLV-1\u2013associated myelopathy (HAM), an inflammatory disease of the CNS. The mechanisms by which HTLV-1 induces HAM are poorly understood. By directly examining the ex vivo phenotype and function of T cells from asymptomatic carriers and patients with HAM, we show that patients with HAM have a higher frequency of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    double-positive (DP) T cells, which are infected with HTLV-1 at higher rates than CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. Displaying both helper and cytotoxic phenotypes, these DP T cells are highly proinflammatory and contain high frequencies of HTLV-1\u2013specific cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that DP T cells arise by direct HTLV-1 infection of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. High levels of CD49d and CXCR3 expression suggest that DP T cells possess the ability to migrate to the CNS, and when cocultured with astrocytes, DP T cells induce proinflammatory astrocytes that express high levels of CXCL10, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-6. These results demonstrate the potential of DP T cells to directly contribute to CNS pathology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.173738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T14:00:31Z","timestamp":1704722431000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["HTLV-1 induces an inflammatory CD4+CD8+ T cell population in HTLV-1\u2013associated myelopathy"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-3333","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allison K.","family":"Maher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3266-4499","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aris","family":"Aristodemou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, 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