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While tonsil inflammations have been implicated in various autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the precise role of tonsillar microbiota in autoimmune pathogenesis remains inadequately characterized. In this study, we profiled the tonsillar microbiota and identified a notable dysbiosis in patients with RA, particularly within the\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    genus. Specifically, patients with RA exhibited an enrichment of pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, including\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>dysgalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Colonization with these bacteria significantly exacerbated arthritis severity and increased autoimmune responses in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Furthermore, immunization with peptides derived from these pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species directly induced experimental arthritis. Conversely, patients with RA demonstrated a marked deficiency in commensal\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    members, notably\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Treatment of CIA mice with\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                    attenuated the progression of arthritis and downregulated autoimmune responses. These findings highlight a pathogenic link of tonsillar microbiota with RA, shedding light on their contribution to autoimmunity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.175916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T12:00:42Z","timestamp":1724155242000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The aberrant tonsillar microbiota modulates autoimmune responses in rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing, China."},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of 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