{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T08:22:43Z","timestamp":1779178963732,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies on attrition from MD-PhD programs have shown that students who self-identify as Black are more likely to withdraw before graduating than Hispanic students and students not from groups underrepresented in medicine (non-UIM). Here, we analyzed data collected for the National MD-PhD Program Outcomes Study, a national effort to track the careers of over 10,000 individuals who have graduated from MD-PhD programs over the past 60 years. On average, Black trainees took slightly longer to graduate, were less likely to choose careers in academia, and were more likely to enter nonacademic clinical practice; although, none of these differences were large. Black graduates were also more likely to choose careers in surgery or internal medicine, or entirely forego residency, and less likely to choose pediatrics, pathology, or neurology. Among those in academia, average research effort rates self-reported by Black, Hispanic, and non-UIM alumni were indistinguishable, as were rates of obtaining research grants and mentored training awards. However, the proportion of Black and Hispanic alumni who reported having NIH research grants was lower than that of non-UIM alumni, and the NIH career development to research project grant (K-to-R) conversion rate was lower for Black alumni. We propose that the reasons for these differences reflect experiences before, during, and after training and, therefore, conclude with action items that address each of these stages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.178248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T14:00:34Z","timestamp":1715090434000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The National MD-PhD Program Outcomes Study: career paths followed by Black and Hispanic graduates"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8781-7846","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Myles H.","family":"Akabas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence F.","family":"Brass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"232","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001779"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Akabas MH, et al. The National MD-PhD Program Outcomes Study. https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/data-reports\/workforce\/report\/national-md-phd-program-outcomes-study Accessed march 29, 2024"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.133010"},{"issue":"4","key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181d3ca17","article-title":"Are MD-PhD programs meeting their goals? An analysis of career choices made by graduates of 24 MD-PhD programs","volume":"85","author":"Brass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000071"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Association of racial and ethnic identity with attrition from MD-PhD training programs","author":"Nguyen","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.133009"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1196783"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207274"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Boyle P. What\u2019s your specialty? New data show the choices of America\u2019s doctors by gender, race and age. https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/news\/what-s-your-specialty-new-data-show-choices-america-s-doctors-gender-race-and-age Accessed March 29, 2024"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259434"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI123875"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134941"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06962-8"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.156168"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01352-3"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2105578"},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"Leonhardt D, Wu A. The Top U.S. Colleges With the Greatest Economic Diversity. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2023\/09\/07\/magazine\/college-access-index.html Accessed March 29, 2024"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001478"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2021.1905918"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.16-01-0062"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar5540"}],"container-title":["JCI Insight"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/178248\/files\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T21:39:13Z","timestamp":1779140353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/178248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1172\/jci.insight.178248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.178248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-3708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-3708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"article-number":"e178248"}}