{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:53:25Z","timestamp":1792799605436,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FOR 5068,No. 429191104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOR 5068,No. 429191104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 513826600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 513826600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; YAEL-Foundation; Helmut and Hannelore Greve Foundation","award":["FOR 5068,No. 429191104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOR 5068,No. 429191104"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; YAEL-Foundation; Helmut and Hannelore Greve Foundation","award":["No. 513826600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 513826600"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are autoimmune liver diseases with strong female predominance. They are caused by T cell\u2013mediated injury of hepatic parenchymal cells, but the mechanisms underlying this sex bias are unknown. Here, we investigated whether testosterone contributes to T cell activation in women with PBC. Compared with sex- and age-matched healthy controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 23), cisgender (cis) women with PBC (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 24) demonstrated decreased testosterone serum levels and proinflammatory CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell profile in peripheral blood. Testosterone suppressed the expression of TNF and IFN-\u03b3 by human CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells in vitro. In trans men receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 25), testosterone affected CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell function by inhibiting Th1 and Th17 differentiation and by supporting the differentiation into regulatory Treg. Mechanistically, we provide evidence for a direct effect of testosterone on T cells using mice with T cell\u2013specific deletion of the cytosolic androgen receptor. Supporting a role for testosterone in autoimmune liver disease, we observed an improved disease course and profound changes in T cell states in a trans man with AIH\/primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) variant syndrome receiving GAHT. We here report a direct effect of testosterone on CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells that may contribute to future personalized treatment strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.184544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T14:00:44Z","timestamp":1745244044000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Testosterone affects female CD4+ T cells in healthy individuals and autoimmune liver diseases"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lara","family":"Henze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Will","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dakyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st 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