{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T21:53:51Z","timestamp":1793656431507,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":46,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2016491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical research future fund, Australia","award":["2016062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016062"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The immunogenicity of current influenza vaccines needs improvement. Inactivated influenza and COVID-19 mRNA vaccines can be coadministered, but randomized controlled trial data are lacking on whether the 2 vaccines are more immunogenic if given in the same arm or opposite arms. Murine studies suggest mRNA vaccines can adjuvant influenza vaccines when coformulated and codelivered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We randomly assigned 56 adults to receive the Afluria quadrivalent inactivated influenza and Moderna monovalent SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 mRNA vaccines, either in opposite arms or both in the same arm at the same site. The primary endpoint was the difference in median combined serum hemagglutination inhibition titer to the H1, H3, and B-Vic vaccine influenza strains after vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found no significant difference in hemagglutination inhibition antibody levels between the groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.30), with the same-arm group having a 1.26-fold higher titer than the opposite-arm group. There were no differences in analyses of antibodies against individual influenza strains or in nasal or saliva antibody levels. While both binding and neutralizing antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 were not significantly different between groups postvaccination, there was a higher fold-change in BA.5 and ancestral strain neutralizing antibodies in the opposite-arm group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Influenza vaccination is equivalently immunogenic if given in the same arm or opposite arms as the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, but it may be preferable to administer the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine at a different site from influenza vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12624000445572.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>FUNDING<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Medical Research Future Fund, and National Institutes of Health (UH2AI176172).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.187075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T12:00:33Z","timestamp":1736424033000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Randomized trial of same- versus opposite-arm coadministration of inactivated influenza and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7285-4054","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wen Shi","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Selva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6322-3197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Audsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen E.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5529-5542","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arnold","family":"Reynaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7746-9649","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy E.","family":"Schlub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5276-5094","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deborah","family":"Cromer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malet","family":"Aban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai Ngoc","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming Z.M.","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0020-9704","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy W.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Koutsakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyon-Xhi","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5593-9387","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adam K.","family":"Wheatley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9072-1017","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Juno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Rockman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"},{"name":"Vaccine Innovation Unit, CSL Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4751-1831","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miles P.","family":"Davenport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7351-418X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ian","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8539-4891","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"},{"name":"Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"232","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.084"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7308a3"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019095"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.08.028"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.014"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.11.001"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7251a4"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7305a1"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105103"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2292068"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI181244"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bettini E, et al. Distinct components of nucleoside-modified messenger RNA vaccines cooperate to instruct efficient germinal center responses [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.17.594726 Posted on bioRxiv May 17, 2024","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.17.594726"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50760-9"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adq5644"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100628"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix150"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.167464"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg5301"}],"container-title":["JCI Insight"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/187075\/files\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T20:26:36Z","timestamp":1779135996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/187075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1172\/jci.insight.187075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.187075","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-3708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-3708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"article-number":"e187075"}}