{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:55:33Z","timestamp":1790693733324,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002738","name":"Assistance Publique - H\u00f4pitaux de Paris","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02,LabEx Transimmunom,ANR-16-RHUS-0001,RHU iMAP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02,LabEx Transimmunom,ANR-16-RHUS-0001,RHU iMAP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"PIA Sorbonne University Emergence","award":["EMRG-7\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMRG-7\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dysregulation of T follicular helper (Tfh) and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cell homeostasis in germinal centers (GCs) can lead to antibody-mediated autoimmunity. While IL-1\u03b2 modulates the GC response via IL-1R1 and IL-1R2 receptors on follicular T cells in animal models, its role in humans remains unclear. We analyzed Tfh and Tfr phenotypes in human secondary lymphoid organs (tonsils, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes) using flow cytometry, single-cell transcriptomics, and in vitro culture, comparing findings with samples from autoimmune patients. We observed organ-specific Tfh\/Tfr phenotypes according to activation status and IL-1 receptor expression. An excess of IL-1R1 over IL-1R2 expression promoted a unique activated Tfr subset with Treg and GC-Tfh features. IL-1\u03b2 signaling via IL-1R1 enhanced follicular T cell activation and Tfh-to-Tfr differentiation, while IL-1\u03b2 inhibition upregulated IL-1R1, indicating a tightly regulated process. In autoimmune patients, high IL-1\u03b2 and circulating Tfr levels correlated with increased autoantibody production, linking inflammation, IL-1\u03b2 signaling, and Tfr\/Tfh balance. Our findings highlight the critical role of IL-1\u03b2 in follicular T cell activation and suggest that targeting IL-1\u03b2 signaling in Tfh and Tfr cells could be a promising strategy for treating antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.188724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T12:00:40Z","timestamp":1747742440000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["IL-1\u03b2 signaling modulates T follicular helper and regulatory cells in human lymphoid tissues"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Romain","family":"Vaineau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy, INSERM U959, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00e9tri\u00e8re Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Jeger-Madiot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology, 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