{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T17:01:03Z","timestamp":1793898063955,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P50HD112034 (N.R.R.),R01HD111582 (S.L.G.),R01HD112339 (M.K.P.),K08AI141728 (S.L.G.),K24AI188458 (S.L.G.),"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50HD112034 (N.R.R.),R01HD111582 (S.L.G.),R01HD112339 (M.K.P.),K08AI141728 (S.L.G.),K24AI188458 (S.L.G.),"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K23AI127886 (M.K.P.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AI127886 (M.K.P.)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Marino Family Foundation","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The widespread uptake of COVID-19 vaccines by women provided a unique opportunity to study the effects of pregnancy and lactation on immune responses to vaccination. Leveraging a cohort with well-defined SARS-CoV-2 exposure history, we found that the magnitude of humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccine-delivered SARS-CoV-2 spike was not affected by pregnancy or lactation status. However, vaccination during pregnancy elicited more stem-like SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. Moreover, breakthrough infection promoted spike-specific IgG in pregnant individuals in contrast with IgA in those lactating, suggesting that the pregnancy-to-lactation transition favors mucosal antibody responses. Breakthrough infection also reduced peripheral cytolytic SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell frequencies during lactation but not pregnancy, which may reflect trafficking of the cells to mammary glands. Our study also uncovered an impact of pregnancy and lactation on global T cell phenotypes. In particular, lactating individuals preferentially exhibited a state of diminished T cell activation. Furthermore, breakthrough infection during pregnancy, but not lactation, diminished frequencies of activated CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, tissue-homing CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells. Our findings support the notion that immunity during pregnancy and lactation adapts to benefit the fetus or breastfed infant, with implications for eliciting effective long-term immunity for these uniquely vulnerable groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.191930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T18:00:27Z","timestamp":1753120827000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pregnancy and lactation induce distinct immune responses to COVID-19 booster vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kailin","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA."},{"name":"Department of 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