{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T16:06:31Z","timestamp":1779033991430,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute Intramural Research program","award":["To G.F."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["To G.F."]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R21AI157604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI157604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Office of AIDS Research grant","award":["ZIA-BC-004020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA-BC-004020"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Intramural Research program","award":["L.S."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L.S."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Exposure to Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) or Canarypox ALVAC\/Alum vaccine elicits pro- or antiinflammatory innate responses, respectively. We tested whether prior exposure of macaques to these immunogens protected against SARS-CoV-2 replication in lungs and found more efficient replication control after the pro-inflammatory immunity elicited by BCG. The decreased virus level in lungs was linked to early infiltrates of classical monocytes producing IL-8 with systemic neutrophils, Th2 cells, and Ki67\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD95\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells producing CCR7. At the time of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, BCG-treated animals had higher frequencies of lung infiltrating neutrophils and higher CD14\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells expressing efferocytosis marker MERTK, responses correlating with decreased SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung. At the same time point, plasma IL-18, TNF-\u03b1, TNFSF-10, and VEGFA levels were also higher in the BCG group and correlated with decreased virus replication. Finally, after SARS-CoV-2 exposure, decreased virus replication correlated with neutrophils producing IL-10 and CCR7 preferentially recruited to the lungs of BCG-vaccinated animals. These data point to the importance of the spatiotemporal distribution of functional monocytes and neutrophils in controlling SARS-CoV-2 levels and suggest a central role of monocyte efferocytosis in curbing replication.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.194633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T17:16:49Z","timestamp":1754673409000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["BCG immunization mitigates SARS-CoV-2 replication in macaques via monocyte efferocytosis and neutrophil recruitment in lungs"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6120-8943","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Arif","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, 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