{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T15:08:51Z","timestamp":1779030531346,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"NIH Clinical Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["(5R01AI135803-03,R35HL140026,5U19AI118608-04,5U19AI128910-04,4U19AI090023-11,4U19AI118610-06,R01AI145835-01A1S1,5U19AI062629-17,5U19AI057229-17,5U19AI125357-05,5U19AI128913-03,3U19AI077439-13,5U54AI142766-03,5R01AI104870-07,3U19AI089992-09,3U19AI128913-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(5R01AI135803-03,R35HL140026,5U19AI118608-04,5U19AI128910-04,4U19AI090023-11,4U19AI118610-06,R01AI145835-01A1S1,5U19AI062629-17,5U19AI057229-17,5U19AI125357-05,5U19AI128913-03,3U19AI077439-13,5U54AI142766-03,5R01AI104870-07,3U19AI089992-09,3U19AI128913-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["DMS2310836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS2310836"]}]},{"name":"Chan Zuckerberg Biohub","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate prognostic assays for COVID-19 represent an unmet clinical need. We sought to identify and validate early parsimonious transcriptomic signatures that accurately predict fatal outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We studied 894 patients enrolled in the prospective, multicenter Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 Cohort (IMPACC) with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and nasal swabs collected within 48 hours of admission. Host gene expression was measured with RNA-Seq. We trained parsimonious prognostic classifiers incorporating host gene expression, age, and SARS-CoV-2 viral load to predict 28-day mortality in 70% of the cohort. Classifier performance was determined in the remaining 30% and externally validated in a contemporary COVID-19 cohort (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 137) with vaccinated patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fatal COVID-19 was characterized by 4,189 differentially expressed genes in the peripheral blood. A COVID-specific 3-gene peripheral blood classifier (\n                      <jats:italic>CD83<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ATP1B2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>DAAM2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) combined with age and SARS-CoV-2 viral load achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.82\u20130.94). A 3-gene nasal classifier (\n                      <jats:italic>SLC5A5<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CD200R1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>FCER1A<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), in comparison, yielded an AUC of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.64\u20130.83). Notably,\n                      <jats:italic>OLAH<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the most strongly upregulated gene in both PBMC and nasal swab and recently implicated in severe viral infection pathogenesis, yielded AUCs of 0.86 (0.79\u20130.93) and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.69\u20130.86), respectively. Both peripheral blood classifiers demonstrated comparable performance in an independent contemporary cohort of vaccinated patients (AUCs 0.74\u20130.80).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our parsimonious blood- and nasal-based classifiers accurately predicted COVID-19 mortality and merit further study as accessible prognostic tools to guide triage, resource allocation, and early therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>FUNDING<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NIH: 5R01AI135803-03, R35HL140026, 5U19AI118608-04, 5U19AI128910-04, 4U19AI090023-11, 4U19AI118610-06, R01AI145835-01A1S1, 5U19AI062629-17, 5U19AI057229-17, 5U19AI125357-05, 5U19AI128913-03, 3U19AI077439-13, 5U54AI142766-03, 5R01AI104870-07, 3U19AI089992-09, 3U19AI128913-03, 5T32DA018926-18, and K0826161611. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH: 3U19AI1289130, U19AI128913-04S1, and R01AI122220. National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH: UM1TR004528. The National Science Foundation: DMS2310836. The Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.195436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T19:00:41Z","timestamp":1762714841000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Minimalistic transcriptomic signatures permit accurate early prediction of COVID-19 mortality"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rithwik","family":"Narendra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."},{"name":"UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily C.","family":"Lydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoang Van","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Spottiswoode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucile P.","family":"Neyton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2183-4269","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joann","family":"Diray-Arce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"IMPACC Network","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"COMET Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"EARLI Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrice M.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0192-4400","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seunghee","family":"Kim-Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annmarie","family":"Hoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"van Zalm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles B.","family":"Cairns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Altman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benaroya Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison D.","family":"Augustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Bosinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Eckalbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leying","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naresh","family":"Doni Jayavelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benaroya Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4957-1544","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven H.","family":"Kleinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4121-776X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Florian","family":"Krammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0795-9946","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Holden T.","family":"Maecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4233-5899","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Al","family":"Ozonoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8457-6693","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bjoern","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Rouphael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8661-4454","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruth R.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1174-3961","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joanna","family":"Schaenman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0179-6648","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hanno","family":"Steen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5859-1945","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ofer","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sidney C.","family":"Haller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Erle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn M.","family":"Hendrickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew F.","family":"Krummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Matthay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3176-0603","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prescott","family":"Woodruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elias K.","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn S.","family":"Calfee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles R.","family":"Langelier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA."},{"name":"Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"232","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010149"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6926e3"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.32802"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6261"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI176640"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101079"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2005114"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02891-w"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3649ED"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0199-3"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006434"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2355-0"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01202-8"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104723"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2020-111536"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2020.1770685"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07466-4"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236618"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02132-4"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.2033"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-023-00973-x"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-84"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00221"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad6873"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809700115"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI165904"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2018.1493378"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04509-9"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196197"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28259-y"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-024-01359-2"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00380.2014"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00461-6"},{"key":"B35","article-title":"Host-Microbe Multiomic Profiling Predicts Mortality in Sepsis","author":"Spottiswoode","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502163"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636535"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-004-1262-9"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84785-7"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.07.026"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49756-2"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00097-2"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1012"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28505-3"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2024.102118"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/molsci.2024011"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36140-9"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032831"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2006.07.011"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00056.2021"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2304112120"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-009-0036-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"B54","first-page":"131","article-title":"The role of Wnt signalling in angiogenesis","volume":"38","author":"Olsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03395-6"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.02.024"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232025"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad191"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm8108"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21702-6"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6027"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007008"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1051-9"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2588-y"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.012"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1043219"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1397629"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050644"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.htct.2022.01.005"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-023-01096-x"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001918"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1161067"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.10.012"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004625"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.602848"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1167917"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-019-0382-x"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115097"},{"key":"B80","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO COVID-19 Dashboard. https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/cases Updated September 7. 2025. Accessed September 29, 2025"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12841"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005119"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201712-2472OC"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104208"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abf3733"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01237-2"},{"key":"B87","unstructured":"robustbase: Basic Robust Statistics. Version 0.99-6. 2024. https:\/\/cran.ms.unimelb.edu.au\/web\/packages\/robustbase\/robustbase.pdf"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-2-r29"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korotkevich G, et al. Fast gene set enrichment analysis [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/060012 Posted on bioRxiv February 1, 2021","DOI":"10.1101\/060012"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx441"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"issue":"7","key":"B93","article-title":"GLUMIP 2.0: SAS\/IML Software for Planning Internal Pilots","volume":"28","author":"Kuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x"},{"key":"B95","unstructured":"glmnet: Lasso and Elastic-Net Regularized Generalized Linear Models. Version 4.1-10. 2025. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/glmnet\/index.html"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77"}],"container-title":["JCI Insight"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/195436\/files\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T14:59:37Z","timestamp":1779029977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/195436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1172\/jci.insight.195436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.195436","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-3708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-3708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"article-number":"e195436"}}