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epidemiology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed hybrid capture and whole-genome sequencing of 77 isolates collected from Cameroon (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 16), Nigeria (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4), and Tanzania (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 50) between 2015 and 2021, analyzing parasite genetic population structure and demography.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There is no evidence of geographic population structure. Nucleotide diversity was significantly lower than in colocalized\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, while linkage disequilibrium was significantly higher. Genome-wide selection scans identified no erythrocyte invasion ligands or antimalarial resistance orthologs as top hits; however, targeted analyses of these loci revealed evidence of selective sweeps around 4 erythrocyte invasion ligands and 6 antimalarial resistance orthologs. Demographic inference modeling suggests that African\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                      is recovering from a bottleneck.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                      is genomically atypical among human\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. and lacks strong population structure in Africa. The low diversity has potential impacts on understanding persistent versus new infection through genomic epidemiology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>FUNDING<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation (grant 002202), USAID\/PMI through Jhpiego and CDC, NIH (T32AI007151, T32AI070114, R01AI107949, R01AI129812, R21 AI148579, R01AI137395, R21AI152260, R01AI132547, and K24AI134990), and the DELTAS Africa initiative (DELGEME grant 107740\/Z\/15\/Z).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.196322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T16:01:02Z","timestamp":1777996862000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Population genomics of Plasmodium malariae from 4 African countries"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zachary 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