{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:47:40Z","timestamp":1793155660113,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01 NS088353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS088353"]}]},{"name":"the UTHSC Senator Lloyd Bentsen Stroke Center","award":["Amy"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Amy"]}]},{"name":"the UTHSC Senator Lloyd Bentsen Stroke Center","award":["Edward Knight Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Edward Knight Fund"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to severe neurological and functional impairments, yet reliable biomarkers for assessing injury severity and predicting recovery remain limited. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is in direct contact with the central nervous system and provides a valuable source for detecting molecular changes after SCI. Although exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins are increasingly recognized as mediators of intercellular communication, the role of human CSF exosomes in SCI has not been systematically investigated. To identify exosome-based biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, we analyzed CSF and serum exosomes from patients with acute SCI using RNA sequencing and proteomic profiling. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified 6 gene modules significantly associated with injury severity and neurological recovery at 3 months. Proteomic analysis revealed a 5-protein panel that distinguished complete from incomplete SCI and a 4-protein panel that predicted neurological improvement. Additionally, 15 CSF-specific and 9 serum-specific exosomal miRNAs were identified independent of injury severity. Among 10 tested miRNAs associated with neurological recovery, 7 regulated astrocyte proliferation, and 6 promoted neurite extension and synapse formation. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive characterization of CSF exosomal miRNAs and proteins in human SCI and identifies molecular signatures associated with injury severity and recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Researchers identified molecules in cerebrospinal fluid that help predict spinal cord injury severity and recovery, opening new possibilities for diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.205134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T16:00:33Z","timestamp":1782230433000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The investigation of human cerebrospinal fluid exosome in spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dallas L.","family":"Sheinberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haichao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, and"},{"name":"Center for Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Withrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolina Neurosurgery and Spine Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farshad","family":"Homayouni Moghadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, and"},{"name":"Center for Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Chen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, and"},{"name":"Center for Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyotirmoy","family":"Rakshit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, and"},{"name":"Center for Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Zaragoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7538-5422","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques J.","family":"Morcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia Qian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, and"},{"name":"Center for Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA."},{"name":"MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"232","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200112151-00002"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)61009-1"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.178"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.12.005"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00282"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4435"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201795"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1296049"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-03954-7"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.548278"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2019.101694"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1099256"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6256"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137167"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64839-7_9"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3898"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12014-020-09294-7"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600756R"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.2001.12.4.297"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.08.003"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4879"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14020151"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.16.1.27"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1071"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1079"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-5561"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2020.104787"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-021-00606-5"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202001_19890"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.08.020"},{"issue":"19","key":"B31","first-page":"3587","article-title":"Induction effect of MicroRNA-449a on glioma cell proliferation and inhibition on glioma cell apoptosis by promoting PKC\u03b1","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107698"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-019-0393-9"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2025.0035"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2020.1783196"},{"issue":"1","key":"B36","first-page":"49","article-title":"Decreased miR-195 expression protects rats from spinal cord injury primarily by targeting HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"46","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin.2019.01.12"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S177128"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1671-5"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.410944"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.012"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01704-0"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vesic.2024.100044"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-024-01473-6"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00240"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030538"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2023.02.001"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.03.012"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2021.100096"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-017-0009-3"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00189"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2012.8"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2233"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7473"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/204577211X13207446293695"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.1.SPINE141033"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5510"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1141"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2009-10-3-r25"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-559"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku631"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-024-01020-z"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2015.12.004"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77"}],"container-title":["JCI Insight"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/205134\/files\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:51:20Z","timestamp":1786463480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/205134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1172\/jci.insight.205134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.205134","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-3708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-3708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"article-number":"e205134"}}