{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:53:35Z","timestamp":1790952815421,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Adoptive immunotherapy for solid tumors relies on infusing large numbers of T cells to mediate successful antitumor responses in patients. While long-term rapid-expansion protocols (REPs) produce sufficient numbers of CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells for treatment, they also cause decline in the cell\u2019s therapeutic fitness. In contrast, we discovered that IL-17\u2013producing CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells (Th17 cells) do not require REPs to expand 5,000-fold over 3 weeks. Also, unlike Th1 cells, Th17 cells do not exhibit hallmarks of senescence or apoptosis, retaining robust antitumor efficacy in vivo. Three-week-expanded Th17 cells eliminated melanoma as effectively as Th17 cells expanded for 1 week when infused in equal numbers into mice. However, treating mice with large recalcitrant tumors required the infusion of all cells generated after 2 or 3 weeks of expansion, while the cell yield obtained after 1-week expansion was insufficient. Long-term-expanded Th17 cells also protected mice from tumor rechallenge including lung metastasis. Importantly, 2-week-expanded human chimeric antigen receptor\u2013positive (CAR\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) Th17 cells also retained their ability to regress human mesothelioma, while CAR\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Th1 cells did not. Our results indicate that tumor-reactive Th17 cells are an effective cell therapy for cancer, remaining uncompromised when expanded for a long duration owing to their resistance to senescence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.90772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]],"date-time":"2017-03-08T11:01:03Z","timestamp":1488970863000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Th17 cells are refractory to senescence and retain robust antitumor activity after long-term ex vivo expansion"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Jacob S.","family":"Bowers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology,"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology,"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle H.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology,"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology,"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Majchrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology,"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology,"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie R.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology,"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology,"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baerbel","family":"Rohrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Ralph H. 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