{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:57:29Z","timestamp":1792216649359,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":221,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Stress has long been associated with substance misuse and substance use disorders (SUDs). The past two decades have seen a surge in research aimed at understanding the underlying mechanisms driving this association. This Review introduces a multilevel \u201cadaptive stress response\u201d framework, encompassing a stress baseline, acute reaction, and recovery with return-to-homeostasis phase that occurs at varying response times and across domains of analysis. It also discusses evidence showing the disruption of this adaptive stress response in the context of chronic and repeated stressors, trauma, adverse social and drug-related environments, as well as with acute and chronic drug misuse and with drug withdrawal and abstinence sequelae. Subjective, cognitive, peripheral, and neurobiological disruptions in the adaptive stress response phases and their link to inflexible, maladaptive coping; increased craving; relapse risk; and maintenance of drug intake are also presented. Finally, the prevention and treatment implications of targeting this \u201cstress pathophysiology of addiction\u201d are discussed, along with specific aspects that may be targeted in intervention development to rescue stress-related alterations in drug motivation and to improve SUD treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci172883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T14:00:45Z","timestamp":1723644045000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Stress and substance use disorders: risk, relapse, and treatment outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Rajita","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"232","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100917"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00195-0"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-011-0224-0"},{"key":"B4"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1483"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.110"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(93)90013-P"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.95.8s2.19.x","article-title":"The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive-sensitization view","volume":"95 Suppl 2","author":"Robinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1441.030"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.05.001"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.08.005"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2019.100148"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2006"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.920180503"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2007.02.007"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2006.8.4\/smaier"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1600965113"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-062520-122331"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2011.596865"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230801151718"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.044"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15182"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68137-5"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0103"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.03.049"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.46797"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410180039004"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1170417"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1314.032"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.05.001"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.11.006"},{"key":"B32","article-title":"What is the confusion with cortisol?","volume":"3","author":"McEwen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronic Stress (thousand oaks)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113618"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0228-0"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6267699"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271996"},{"key":"B37"},{"key":"B38"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14016"},{"key":"B40","article-title":"Early life stress and altered social behaviors: a perspective across species","author":"Larise","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.044"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2021_276"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-019-00062-z"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.01.037"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00040-3"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.02.010"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.06.006"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022212"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.007"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14501"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckz037"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108519"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.03.016"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19585969.2023.2252437"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119855971"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.09.002"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102153"},{"key":"B58","first-page":"39","article-title":"Comorbidity between depressive and addictive disorders in adolescents: role of stress and HPA activity","volume":"3","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"US Psyc"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000869"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579416000870"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2013.804387"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-015-0645-1"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559513520466"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104530"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000110"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000026"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.112"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00382-D"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00216-9"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03568.x"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03448.x"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02685.x"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579414000716"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2010.08.007"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.208"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.105067"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115396109"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.11.022"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.680"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-5380-4-12"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.744690"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01410-8"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.04.030"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114499"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-021-00241-w"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.10.003"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301455"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107489"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12665"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01735-9"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI79828"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.09.007"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(97)00146-2"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108299"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00065-6"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.06.004"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa135"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.9519"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2023.100540"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2023.106369"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06087-8"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15082"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13317"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1251"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agad061"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2018.12.003"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10783903221145142"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13230"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2010.00270.x"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110376694"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agab064"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.3.324"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000771"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.12.010"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3302-14.2015"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12292"},{"issue":"8","key":"B117","first-page":"805","article-title":"High-risk drinkers engage distinct stress-predictive brain networks","volume":"7","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21165"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.206"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14782"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.06.042"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012941118"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.333"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2017.1280898"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12182"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.03.048"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2024.100645"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13364"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900012797"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13116"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.1.83"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01292-6"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(00)00114-2"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.3.393"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15743"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109253"},{"issue":"4","key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v34.4.07","article-title":"How does stress lead to risk of alcohol relapse?","volume":"34","author":"Sinha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.002"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.006"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06481-w"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00167-7"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(96)00001-7"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1993.54.393"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000374-200005000-00009"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agg052"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(84)90330-8"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(90)90153-9"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-2225-3"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.9"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12832"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.78"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107569"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.49"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2473-3"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v39i6.27519"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.016"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1525-8"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.05.002"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230601036960"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0147-8"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.762"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11020289"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300851"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230849"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.19070703"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.109794"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2023-101304"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109319"},{"issue":"2","key":"B169","first-page":"150","article-title":"Nicotine abstinence influences the calculation of salience in discrete insular circuits","volume":"3","author":"Fedota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.019"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0398-4"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.030"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2009_34"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0456-y"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.07.008"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-018-0081-z"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0512-7"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2024.100609"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12008"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10020233"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2026"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03244-9"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05920-w"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.010"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.011163"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00104-8"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113662"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v42.1.12"},{"key":"B189"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4087"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.142"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00562"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2019.00078"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(01)46065-X"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12351"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.08.005"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.62"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06858"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12395"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12669"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18091022"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2010.10.002"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01628.x"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20050609"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.021"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.21m14367"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0640-8"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12942"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111430746"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.1"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.017"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114562091"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.13.1617"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00347.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"B215","first-page":"273","article-title":"Sex differences in smoking cessation pharmacotherapy comparative efficacy: a network meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.12.022"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.12.008"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111593"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06278-3"},{"issue":"s1","key":"B220","article-title":"Exogenous supraphysiologic pregnenolone independently and in conjunction with craving reduces alcohol use outcomes in individuals with alcohol use disorder","volume":"46","author":"Fogelman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B221","unstructured":"World Health Organization Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. WHO website. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241563703 Published August 27, 2008. Accessed July 23, 2024"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jci.org\/articles\/view\/172883\/files\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T23:14:44Z","timestamp":1779232484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jci.org\/articles\/view\/172883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"references-count":221,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1172\/JCI172883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci172883","relation":{},"ISSN":["1558-8238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1558-8238","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"article-number":"e172883"}}