{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T06:04:37Z","timestamp":1792389877634,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":83,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex, genetically mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS, in which anti-CD20\u2013mediated B cell depletion is remarkably effective in the treatment of early disease. Although previous studies investigated the effect of B cell depletion on select immune cell subsets using flow cytometry\u2013based methods, the therapeutic effect on the patient\u2019s immune landscape is unknown. In this study, we explored how B cell\u2013depleting therapies modulate the immune landscape using single-cell RNA-Seq. We demonstrate that B cell depletion led to cell-type\u2013specific changes in the abundance and function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes. Specifically, a CSF-specific macrophage population with an antiinflammatory transcriptomic signature and peripheral CD16\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    monocytes increased in frequency after B cell depletion. This was accompanied by increases in TNF-\u03b1 mRNA and protein levels in monocytes following B cell depletion, consistent with the finding that anti\u2013TNF-\u03b1 treatment exacerbated autoimmune activity in MS. In parallel, B cell depletion induced changes in peripheral CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell populations, including increases in the frequency of TIGIT\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Tregs and marked decreases in the frequency of myelin peptide\u2013loaded, tetramer-binding CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. Collectively, this study provides an exhaustive transcriptomic map of immunological changes, revealing different cell-type\u2013specific reprogramming as a result of B cell depletion treatment of MS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci182790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T12:01:19Z","timestamp":1741694479000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Transcriptomic profiling after B cell depletion reveals central and peripheral immune cell changes in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and"},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeonghyeon","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and"},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Yasumizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and"},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."},{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadir","family":"Radassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Buitrago-Pocasangre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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