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This interaction is the basis of heparin treatment to prevent thrombotic events and excess coagulation. Antithrombin-binding HS (HS\n                    <jats:sup>AT<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) is expressed in human tissues but is thought to be expressed in the subendothelial space, mast cells, and follicular fluid. Here, we show that HS\n                    <jats:sup>AT<\/jats:sup>\n                    is ubiquitously expressed in the basement membranes of epithelial cells in multiple tissues. In the pancreas, HS\n                    <jats:sup>AT<\/jats:sup>\n                    is expressed by healthy ductal cells, and its expression is increased in premalignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions but not in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Inactivation of\n                    <jats:italic>HS3ST1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a key enzyme in HS\n                    <jats:sup>AT<\/jats:sup>\n                    synthesis, in PDAC cells eliminated HS\n                    <jats:sup>AT<\/jats:sup>\n                    expression, induced an inflammatory phenotype, suppressed markers of apoptosis, and increased metastasis in an experimental mouse PDAC model. HS\n                    <jats:sup>AT<\/jats:sup>\n                    -positive PDAC cells bind AT, which inhibits the generation of active thrombin by tissue factor and factor VIIa. Furthermore, plasma from patients with PDAC showed accumulation of HS\n                    <jats:sup>AT<\/jats:sup>\n                    , suggesting its potential as a marker of tumor formation. These findings suggest that HS\n                    <jats:sup>AT<\/jats:sup>\n                    exerts a tumor-suppressing function through recruitment of AT and that the decrease in HS\n                    <jats:sup>AT<\/jats:sup>\n                    during progression of pancreatic tumorigenesis increases inflammation and metastatic potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci184172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T16:00:33Z","timestamp":1757433633000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antithrombin-binding heparan sulfate is ubiquitously expressed in epithelial cells and suppresses pancreatic tumorigenesis"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Thomas Mandel","family":"Clausen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA."},{"name":"John A. 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