{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:45:12Z","timestamp":1793112312786,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with inflammation playing a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. T lymphocytes are crucial components of the adaptive immune system that have emerged as key mediators in both cardiac health and the development and progression of CVD. This Review explores the diverse roles of T cell subsets, including Th1, Th17, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, and Tregs, in myocardial inflammatory processes such as autoimmune myocarditis and myocardial infarction. We discuss the contribution of T cells to myocardial injury and remodeling, with emphasis on specific immune receptors, e.g., CD69, that have a critical role in regulating immune tolerance and maintaining the balance between T cell subsets in the heart. Additionally, we offer a perspective on recent advances in T cell\u2013targeted therapies and their potential to modulate immune responses and improve clinical outcomes in patients with CVD and in heart transplant recipients. Understanding the intricate interplay between T cells and cardiovascular pathology is essential for developing novel immunotherapeutic strategies against CVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci185218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T14:00:44Z","timestamp":1736949644000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["T cells in cardiac health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2392-1764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pilar","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain."},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Madrid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain."},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain."},{"name":"Department of Immunology, IIS Princesa, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"232","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-022-00028-6"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2797-4"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06311-1"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv639"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.304072"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.044164"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002225"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2023.11.008"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxae019"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600335"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.03034.x"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(99)00267-9"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1567-7"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200402"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621047114"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004000"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.3"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007405"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053214"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.320511"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015230"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(02)00010-7"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323661"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323816"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118642"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545677"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44583"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201142209"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav3487"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.85851"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.164.6.1988"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.168.5.1621"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.5.1572"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90030-5"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115338"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2013.07.006"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.2.537"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.11.4920"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230737"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830231051"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.11.040193.003145"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008573200"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.37.21545"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.12.006"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.7.2312"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00456-10"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.05.007"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00341-16"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2001825"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319112"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.05.010"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100765"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065413"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065494"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301282"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvr148"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930802167902"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00746-9"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636484"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.213157"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.952820"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3504"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00348-14"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm7322"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.15-273987"},{"issue":"36","key":"B66","article-title":"Alarming and calming: opposing roles of S100A8\/S100A9 dimers and tetramers on monocytes","volume":"9","author":"Russo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaf9154"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.594297"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2005.03.016"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034326"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04481-1"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02284"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04606"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.123299"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.54"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646837"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.09.025"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI152418"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055610"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-0856"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI145186"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1609214"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05432-3"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00545.2023"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-022-00116-7"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051889"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007101"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161791"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00540-z"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323892"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-024-00432-0"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-024-00452-w"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50806-y"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202400839R"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.863431"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu002"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000719"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051137"},{"issue":"7","key":"B99","article-title":"Comparative roles of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-18, 1L-22, IL-33, and IL-37 in various cardiovascular diseases with potential insights for targeted immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Abubakar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05250-3"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202303957"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321787"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22617-y"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175293"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2021-002134"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6454177"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1708538120921735"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912388"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.10.027"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.155838"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119465"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.57"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-5922.12280"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.104.2.197"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1343"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.06.014"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18607"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.85.8.e17"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs399"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303567"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12758"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924886"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006133"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.229997"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14184494"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-022-10290-5"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI123859"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.303895"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-011-0232-6"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxae014"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.893248"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074955"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20231045"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx248"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(97)00135-4"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000127121.16815.F1"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.306848"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs330"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/28204"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.13.7464"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091293"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000103700.05109.0D"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1546-z"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.932347"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac090"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0594"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jci.org\/articles\/view\/185218\/files\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T22:48:14Z","timestamp":1779230894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jci.org\/articles\/view\/185218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1172\/JCI185218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci185218","relation":{},"ISSN":["1558-8238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1558-8238","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"article-number":"e185218"}}