{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:09:27Z","timestamp":1792080567367,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson\u2019s Research","award":["IMPROVED BIOMARKERS AND OUTCOMES MEASURES \u2013 FALL 2019  IMAGING BIOMARKERS FOR PARKINSON\u2019S DISEASE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMPROVED BIOMARKERS AND OUTCOMES MEASURES \u2013 FALL 2019  IMAGING BIOMARKERS FOR PARKINSON\u2019S DISEASE"]}]},{"name":"RMS Family Foundation","award":["[11C]CPPC as a marker of CSF1R expression in prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[11C]CPPC as a marker of CSF1R expression in prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AG066464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG066464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P30 AG066507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG066507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U19 AG033655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AG033655"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P41 EB024495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41 EB024495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microglia-mediated brain immune changes play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), but imaging microglia in living people with PD has relied on positron emission tomography (PET) ligands that lack specificity in labeling immune cells in the nervous system. We aimed to develop imaging of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) as a microglial-sensitive marker of innate immunity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IHC using a CSF1R antibody evaluated colocalization with Iba-1 in PD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4) and control (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4) human brain samples. Autoradiography using a CSF1R tritiated ligand in human brain samples from individuals with PD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5) and in a control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4) was performed to obtain B\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      . PET imaging using a CSF1R radioligand was performed in 10 controls and 12 people with PD, and V\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      was compared between groups and correlated with disease severity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IHC of CSF1R in human brain samples shows colocalization with Iba-1 and is significantly increased in brain samples from individuals with PD compared with individuals in a control group. Autoradiography revealed significantly increased CSF1R ligand binding in the inferior parietal cortex of patients with PD. [\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C]CPPC PET showed higher binding in people with moderate PD compared with people in a control group and ligand binding correlated with more severe motor disability and poorer verbal fluency.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study underscores the significance of CSF1R imaging as a promising biomarker for brain immune function in Parkinson\u2019s disease, which may be associated with cognitive and motor disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>FUNDING<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PET imaging: the Michael J. Fox Foundation and the RMS Family Foundation. Radiotracer development: NIH (R01AG066464 and P41 EB024495). Postmortem brain tissues: NIH P30 AG066507 and BIOCARD study NIH U19 AG033655.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci186591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T12:00:18Z","timestamp":1744718418000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Exploring [11C]CPPC as a CSF1R-targeted PET imaging marker for early Parkinson\u2019s disease severity"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4302-1501","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Mills","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russell H. 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