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Nearly all people have preexisting memory to influenza virus, which can protect against subsequent infection in the lung. This study explored the role B cells play in protection against bacterial (\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) superinfection with previous heterotypic influenza memory. B cell deficiency resulted in an increased inflammatory lung environment and lung tissue injury during superinfection. Loss of B cells increased populations of memory CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells in the lung, and these CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells were transcriptionally and functionally distinct from those of WT mice. Use of antibody-deficient mouse models showed that this phenotype was specifically due to loss of antibody production from B cells. Passive immunization with influenza antibody serum in B cell\u2013deficient mice rescued the CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell phenotype. CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell depletion and lethal superinfection challenge experiments showed that the cytotoxic memory CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells from B cell\u2013deficient mice protect against superinfection bacterial burden and mortality. These findings provide insight into the importance of B cells for regulating immune responses against infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci188342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T12:00:42Z","timestamp":1749556842000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["B cell deficiency induces cytotoxic memory CD8+ T cells during influenza-associated bacterial pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Leigh M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis M.","family":"Duray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellyse 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