{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:30:48Z","timestamp":1791595848543,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012728","name":"Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["75N91019D00024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N91019D00024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012728","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AI135940,AI176579,AI184094,AI155233,AI52979,AI155171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI135940,AI176579,AI184094,AI155233,AI52979,AI155171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are evaluated as possible alternatives to standard antiretroviral treatment (ART) for maintaining control of HIV-1 replication and may enhance immune responses to reduce or control the viral reservoir. However, the immunological and virological effects of bnAbs in infants and children are unknown. We conducted a detailed analysis of proviral reservoir dynamics and antiviral immune responses in a unique group of young children from Botswana who started ART at birth and then stopped standard ART while receiving the bnAbs 10-1074 and VRC01-LS in a subsequent clinical trial. No quantitative changes in frequencies of proviral sequences were observed during bnAb treatment, but selection of genome-intact proviruses in transcriptionally repressive heterochromatin regions occurred in some study participants. Faster viral rebound following standard ART cessation was linked to elevated proportions of KIR2DL1-positive NK cells. In contrast, delayed viral rebound and more limited viral reservoir size were associated with elevated proportions of NKG2A-positive NK cells and with the HLA-B-21M signal peptide polymorphism. HIV-specific T cell responses were low in all study participants and unrelated to viral reservoir sizes or clinical outcomes following ART interruption. These results suggest that, in young children, specific NK cell subsets and KIR-HLA interactions might be linked to HIV-1 rebound kinetics after substitution of standard ART with bnAbs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1172\/jci193912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T19:00:58Z","timestamp":1771182058000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immune correlates of HIV-1 rebound during broadly neutralizing antibody treatment in young children"],"prefix":"10.1172","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Aischa","family":"Niesar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Lancien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seohyun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Naasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5408-4823","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gbolahan","family":"Ajibola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Maswabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Sakoi-Mosetlhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oganne","family":"Batlang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-4592","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sikhulile","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana."},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana."},{"name":"School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."},{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Comfort","family":"Maphorisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Carrere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Roseto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5443-8292","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ciputra Adijaya","family":"Hartana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toong Seng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3775-790X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ce","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5962-3283","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Pretorius Holme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Lockman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana."},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Powis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana."},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Carrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, and"},{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Makhema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu G.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Kuritzkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger L.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana."},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Lichterfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"232","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"UNICEF. HIV Statistics - Global and Regional Trends. https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/hivaids\/global-regional-trends\/ Updated July, 2025. Accessed December 23, 2025"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmi086"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296713"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002516"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.100241"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102648"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6444-7"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03105-8"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0412-8"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000802"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000731"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04797-9"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02023-7"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02547-6"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04597-1"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21435"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0600-6"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0747-1"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34171-2"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax7350"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900856"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000178"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.885272"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adh0004"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111126"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124291"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20241091"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.132997"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa718"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa532"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.12.002"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.011"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14248"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00609-1"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256304"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01980.x"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00699"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1087155"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010090"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12187"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01546-15"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aag1672"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01523-z"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232685"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad173"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.922252"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21485"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-334441"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68989"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05538-8"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.878743"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam8825"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005421"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-09-874990"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2025.100670"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102150"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.182660"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113530"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000797"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03105-4"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adu7154"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa298"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122608"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI188533"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1910334116"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.186550"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab143"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181134"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2024.08.006"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30012-2"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000928"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-024-00656-4"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jci.org\/articles\/view\/193912\/files\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:44:46Z","timestamp":1779209086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jci.org\/articles\/view\/193912"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1172\/JCI193912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci193912","relation":{},"ISSN":["1558-8238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1558-8238","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"article-number":"e193912"}}