{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T01:38:33Z","timestamp":1778895513509,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,7]],"date-time":"2018-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":401,"URL":"http:\/\/www.ametsoc.org\/PUBSReuseLicenses"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000159","name":"Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1522494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1522494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000159","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000145","name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1250232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1250232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The relationship between rainfall characteristics and urbanization over the eastern United States was examined by analyzing four datasets: daily rainfall in 4593 surface stations over the last 50 years (1958\u20132008), a high-resolution gridded rainfall product, reanalysis wind data, and a proxy for urban land use (gridded human population data). Results indicate that summer monthly rainfall amounts show an increasing trend in urbanized regions. The frequency of heavy rainfall events has a potential positive bias toward urbanized regions. Most notably, consistent with case studies for individual cities, the climatology of rainfall amounts downwind of urban\u2013rural boundaries shows a significant increasing trend. Analysis of heavy (90th percentile) and extreme (99.5th percentile) rainfall events indicated decreasing trends of heavy rainfall events and a possible increasing trend for extreme rainfall event frequency over urban areas. Results indicate that the urbanization impact was more pronounced in the northeastern and midwestern United States with an increase in rainfall amounts. In contrast, the southeastern United States showed a slight decrease in rainfall amounts and heavy rainfall event frequencies. Results suggest that the urbanization signature is becoming detectable in rainfall climatology as an anthropogenic influence affecting regional precipitation; however, extracting this signature is not straightforward and requires eliminating other dynamical confounding feedbacks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1175\/ei-d-15-0045.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]],"date-time":"2017-02-07T21:25:04Z","timestamp":1486502704000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Urbanization Impacts on the Summer Heavy Rainfall Climatology over the Eastern United States"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dev","family":"Niyogi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandra","family":"Kishtawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Schmid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marshall","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160787","article-title":"Atmospheric warming and the amplification of precipitation extremes","volume":"321","author":"Allan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L04705","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL046258","article-title":"Influence of hurricane-related activity on North American extreme precipitation","volume":"38","author":"Barlow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00374-X","article-title":"Urban heat islands and summertime convective thunderstorms in Atlanta: Three case studies","volume":"34","author":"Bornstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8181(03)00104-8","article-title":"Temperature, precipitation and extreme events during the last century in Italy","volume":"40","author":"Brunetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Global Planet. Change"},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.01.005","article-title":"Urban growth and aerosol effects on convection over Houston. Part I: The August 2000 case","volume":"96","author":"Carri\u00f3","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1994)033&lt;0140:ASTMFM&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A statistical\u2013topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain","volume":"33","author":"Daly","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8181(03)00104-8","article-title":"Anthropogenic impacts on summer precipitation in central Arizona, U.S.A","volume":"55","author":"Diem","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prof. Geogr."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D14120","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015146","article-title":"Analysis of the impacts of station exposure on the U.S. Historical Climatology Network temperatures and temperature trends","volume":"116","author":"Fall","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132027","article-title":"Increasing trend of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment","volume":"314","author":"Goswami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3339.1","article-title":"Trends in intense precipitation in the climate record","volume":"18","author":"Groisman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2499","article-title":"The effect of urbanisation on the climatology of thunderstorm initiation","volume":"141","author":"Haberlie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JAMC2036.1","article-title":"An investigation of warm-season spatial rainfall variability in Oklahoma City: Possible linkages to urbanization and prevailing wind","volume":"48","author":"Hand","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1921)49&lt;193a:TS&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Thunderstorm-breeding spots","volume":"49","author":"Horton","year":"1921","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1972)011&lt;0823:CAOUEO&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Climatological assessment of urban effects on precipitation at St. Louis","volume":"11","author":"Huff","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib39","author":"Jarvinen","year":"1984"},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079&lt;0231:STOPAF&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Secular trends of precipitation amount, frequency, and intensity in the United States","volume":"79","author":"Karl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/EI-D-14-0031.1","article-title":"Climate variability and the U.S. Corn Belt: ENSO and AO episode-dependent hydroclimatic feedbacks to corn production at regional and local scales","volume":"19","author":"Kellner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Interact."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2044","article-title":"Urbanization signature in the observed heavy rainfall climatology over India","volume":"30","author":"Kishtawal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2747\/0272-3646.28.2.126","article-title":"Climatology of tropical cyclone rainfall in the southeastern United States","volume":"28","author":"Knight","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5975","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-5975-2008","article-title":"Effect of explicit urban land surface representation on the simulation of the 26 July 2005 heavy rain event over Mumbai, India","volume":"8","author":"Lei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2000)081&lt;0427:TIEWAC&gt;2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Trends in extreme weather and climate events: Issues related to modeling extremes in projections of future climate change","volume":"81","author":"Meehl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09763","article-title":"Human contribution to more-intense precipitation extremes","volume":"470","author":"Min","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC1836.1","article-title":"Urban modification of thunderstorms: An observational storm climatology and model case study for the Indianapolis urban region","volume":"50","author":"Niyogi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2007.00251.x","article-title":"An overview of regional land-use and land-cover impacts on rainfall","volume":"59B","author":"Pielke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.144","article-title":"Land use\/land cover changes and climate: Modeling analysis and observational evidence","volume":"2","author":"Pielke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Climate Change"},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5459.1793","article-title":"Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution","volume":"287","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2003)042&lt;0716:SOSLML&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Simulation of St. Louis, Missouri, land use impacts on thunderstorms","volume":"42","author":"Rozoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5263","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50656","article-title":"Impact of city size on precipitation-modifying potential","volume":"40","author":"Schmid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-14-0232.1","article-title":"Insights into atmospheric contributors to urban flash flooding across the United States using an analysis of rawinsonde data and associated calculated parameters","volume":"55","author":"Schroeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117622109","article-title":"Urban land teleconnections and sustainability","volume":"109","author":"Seto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2008.09.013","article-title":"On the impact of urbanization on summertime thunderstorms in Atlanta: Two numerical model case studies","volume":"92","author":"Shem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/EI156.1","article-title":"A review of current investigations of urban-induced rainfall and recommendations for the future","volume":"9","author":"Shepherd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earth Interact."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2002)041&lt;0689:RMBMUA&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Rainfall modification by major urban areas: Observations from spaceborne rain radar on the TRMM satellite","volume":"41","author":"Shepherd","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib42","author":"Shepherd","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W04504","DOI":"10.1029\/2011WR010641","article-title":"Analyses of a long-term, high-resolution radar rainfall data set for the Baltimore metropolitan region","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3904","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAS3363.1","article-title":"Modeling aerosol impacts on convective storms in different environments","volume":"67","author":"Storer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160010007015","article-title":"Census from heaven: An estimate of the global human population using night-time satellite imagery","volume":"22","author":"Sutton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2492.1","article-title":"Urban aerosol impacts on downwind convective storms","volume":"46","author":"van den Heever","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-13-0248.1","article-title":"Improved historical temperature and precipitation time series for U.S. climate divisions","volume":"53","author":"Vose","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-14-0095.1","article-title":"Lagrangian analyses of rainfall structure and evolution for organized thunderstorm systems in the urban corridor of the northeastern United States","volume":"16","author":"Yeung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-3318.1","article-title":"Trends in total precipitation and frequency of daily precipitation extremes over China","volume":"18","author":"Zhai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"2020061620211296800_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-014-4127-y","article-title":"Changes in regional heavy rainfall events in China during 1961\u20132012","volume":"32","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."}],"container-title":["Earth Interactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/ei\/article-pdf\/21\/5\/1\/4100682\/ei-d-15-0045_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/ei\/article-pdf\/21\/5\/1\/4100682\/ei-d-15-0045_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T11:22:27Z","timestamp":1607426547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/10.1175\/EI-D-15-0045.1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/ei-d-15-0045.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-3562"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-3562","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]}}}