{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T05:07:33Z","timestamp":1792904853983,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Doppler cloud radars are amazing tools to characterize cloud and fog properties and to improve their representation in models. However, commercially available cloud radars (35 and 95 GHz) are still very expensive, which hinders their widespread deployment. This study presents the development of a lower-cost semioperational 95-GHz Doppler cloud radar called the Bistatic Radar System for Atmospheric Studies (BASTA). To drastically reduce the cost of the instrument, a different approach is used compared to traditional pulsed radars: instead of transmitting a large amount of energy for a very short time period (as a pulse), a lower amount of energy is transmitted continuously. By using a specific signal processing technique, the radar can challenge expensive radars and provide high-quality measurements of cloud and fog. The latest version of the instrument has a sensitivity of about \u221250 dB<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic> at 1 km for 3-s integration and a vertical resolution of 25 m. The BASTA radar currently uses four successive modes for specific applications: the 12.5-m vertical resolution mode is dedicated to fog and low clouds, the 25-m mode is for liquid and ice midtropospheric clouds, and the 100- and 200-m modes are ideal for optically thin high-level ice clouds. The advantages of such a radar for calibration procedures and field operations are also highlighted. The radar comes with a set of products dedicated to cloud and fog studies. For instance, cloud mask, corrected Doppler velocity, and multimode products combining the high-sensitivity mode and high-resolution modes are provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1175\/jtech-d-15-0104.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]],"date-time":"2016-02-23T22:28:23Z","timestamp":1456266503000},"page":"1023-1038","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["BASTA: A 95-GHz FMCW Doppler Radar for Cloud and Fog Studies"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Julien","family":"Delano\u00eb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Laboratoire Atmosph\u00e8res, Milieux, Observations Spatiales\/UVSQ\/CNRS\/UPMC, Guyancourt, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Protat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Vinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Laboratoire Atmosph\u00e8res, Milieux, Observations Spatiales\/UVSQ\/CNRS\/UPMC, Guyancourt, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Williams","family":"Brett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Laboratoire Atmosph\u00e8res, Milieux, Observations Spatiales\/UVSQ\/CNRS\/UPMC, Guyancourt, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Caudoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Laboratoire Atmosph\u00e8res, Milieux, Observations Spatiales\/UVSQ\/CNRS\/UPMC, Guyancourt, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Laboratoire Atmosph\u00e8res, Milieux, Observations Spatiales\/UVSQ\/CNRS\/UPMC, Guyancourt, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Parent du Chatelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Laboratoire Atmosph\u00e8res, Milieux, Observations Spatiales\/UVSQ\/CNRS\/UPMC, Guyancourt, France"},{"name":"c Centre National de Recherches M\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Hallali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Laboratoire Atmosph\u00e8res, Milieux, Observations Spatiales\/UVSQ\/CNRS\/UPMC, Guyancourt, France"},{"name":"c Centre National de Recherches M\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Barthes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Laboratoire Atmosph\u00e8res, Milieux, Observations Spatiales\/UVSQ\/CNRS\/UPMC, Guyancourt, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martial","family":"Haeffelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"d Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Charles","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"d Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"12","reference":[{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1987)044&lt;1509:ANMFTE&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A new model for the equilibrium shape of raindrops","volume":"44","author":"Beard","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-011-9656-7","article-title":"Links between refractivity characteristics and weather phenomena measured by precipitation radar","volume":"143","author":"Besson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteor."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2333.1","article-title":"Using continuous ground-based radar and lidar measurements for evaluating the representation of clouds in four operational models","volume":"49","author":"Bouniol","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1986)003&lt;0440:COEDRF&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Comparison of eddy dissipation rates from spatial spectra of Doppler velocities and Doppler spectrum widths","volume":"3","author":"Brewster","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.11.048","article-title":"A dual-beam spectropluviometer concept","volume":"328","author":"Delahaye","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D07204","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009000","article-title":"A variational scheme for retrieving ice cloud properties from combined radar, lidar and infrared radiometer","volume":"113","author":"Delano\u00eb","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2543.1","article-title":"The characterization of ice clouds properties from Doppler radar measurements","volume":"46","author":"Delano\u00eb","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-11-00200.1","article-title":"Comparison of airborne in situ, airborne radar\u2013lidar, and spaceborne radar\u2013lidar retrievals of polar ice cloud properties sampled during the POLARCAT campaign","volume":"30","author":"Delano\u00eb","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2433.1","article-title":"Cirrus microphysical properties and air motion statistics using cloud radar Doppler moments. Part I: Algorithm description","volume":"45","author":"Deng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Donnadieu","year":"2012","DOI":"10.5772\/35940"},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L18310","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL049001","article-title":"Three dimensional transport speed of wind-drifted ash plumes using ground-based radar","volume":"38","author":"Donnadieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-012-9699-4","article-title":"Stratus\u2013fog formation and dissipation: A 6-day case study","volume":"143","author":"Dupont","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteor."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JTECHA1343.1","article-title":"Automated retrievals of precipitation parameters using non-Rayleigh scattering at 95 GHz","volume":"27","author":"Giangrande","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-23-253-2005","article-title":"SIRTA, a ground-based atmospheric observatory for cloud and aerosol research","volume":"23","author":"Haeffelin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2671.1","article-title":"ParisFog: Shedding new light on fog physical processes","volume":"91","author":"Haeffelin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib16","author":"Hagen","year":"2014"},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1109\/36.175333","article-title":"Ressac: A new airborne FM\/CW radar ocean wave spectrometer","volume":"30","author":"Hauser","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2003)20&lt;572:ACOGRU&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Absolute calibration of 94\/95-GHz radars using rain","volume":"20","author":"Hogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2340.1","article-title":"The retrieval of ice water content from radar reflectivity factor and temperature and its use in evaluating a mesoscale model","volume":"45","author":"Hogan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2000.860464","author":"Horie","year":"2000"},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Huggard","year":"2008","DOI":"10.1117\/12.800347"},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-6-883","article-title":"Cloudnet: Continuous evaluation of cloud profiles in seven operational models using ground-based observations","volume":"88","author":"Illingworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00227.1","article-title":"The EarthCARE satellite: The next step forward in global measurements of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and radiation","volume":"96","author":"Illingworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-10-1608","article-title":"Millimeter-wavelength radars: New frontier in atmospheric cloud and precipitation research","volume":"88","author":"Kollias","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH2033.1","article-title":"The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program cloud profiling radars: Second-generation sampling strategies, processing, and cloud data products","volume":"24","author":"Kollias","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1990)007&lt;0464:AASOMW&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Attenuation and scattering of millimeter wavelength radiation by clouds and precipitation","volume":"7","author":"Lhermitte","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018&lt;1345:ROAAUC&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Retrieval of atmospheric attenuation using combined ground-based and airborne 95-GHz cloud radar measurements","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1029\/RS020i005p01069","article-title":"An updated model for millimeter wave propagation in moist air","volume":"20","author":"Liebe","year":"1985","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib29","author":"Ligthart","year":"1986"},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018&lt;1354:PCLWBC&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Profiling cloud liquid water by combining active and passive microwave measurements with cloud model statistics","volume":"18","author":"L\u00f6hnert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D19201","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012884","article-title":"Detection of supercooled liquid in mixed-phase clouds using radar Doppler spectra","volume":"115","author":"Luke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0332-0","article-title":"Simulating Z\u2013LWC relations in natural fogs with radiative transfer calculations for future application to a cloud radar profiler","volume":"169","author":"Maier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22 427","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900353","article-title":"Use of Doppler radar to assess ice cloud particle fall velocity-size relations for remote sensing and climate studies","volume":"105","author":"Matrosov","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079&lt;0443:AUCPRF&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An unattended cloud-profiling radar for use in climate research","volume":"79","author":"Moran","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM-2181.1","article-title":"Retrieving stratocumulus drizzle parameters using Doppler radar and lidar","volume":"44","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2488.1","article-title":"Evaluation of ice water content retrievals from cloud radar reflectivity and temperature using a large airborne in situ microphysical database","volume":"46","author":"Protat","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4236\/jemaa.2009.14042","article-title":"Radio wave propagation characteristics in FMCW radar","volume":"1","author":"Sami","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Anal. Appl."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019&lt;0468:NFRAAB&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Near-field reflectivity and antenna boresight gain corrections for millimeter-wave atmospheric radars","volume":"19","author":"Sekelsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2004)021&lt;0660:DMCPFD&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Deriving mixed-phase cloud proper ties from Doppler radar spectra","volume":"21","author":"Shupe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-83-12-1771","article-title":"The Cloudsat Mission and the A-Train: A new dimension of space-based observations of clouds and precipitation","volume":"83","author":"Stephens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib41","author":"Thies","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2150733","article-title":"Inexpensive FM-CW radar for boundary-layer precipitation studies","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib43","author":"Wolde","year":"2005"},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/met.146","article-title":"Cloud-radar observations of insects in the UK convective boundary layer","volume":"16","author":"Wood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meteor. Appl."},{"key":"2020061922444339400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1109\/APMC.2006.4429767","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/atot\/33\/5\/jtech-d-15-0104_1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/jtech\/article-pdf\/33\/5\/1023\/4738421\/jtech-d-15-0104_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/atot\/33\/5\/jtech-d-15-0104_1.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T16:29:13Z","timestamp":1609259353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/atot\/33\/5\/jtech-d-15-0104_1.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/jtech-d-15-0104.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0739-0572","1520-0426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0739-0572","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-0426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}}}