{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T19:04:51Z","timestamp":1767035091538},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors present a chronology of El Ni\u00f1o (EN) events based on documentary records from northern Peru. The chronology, which covers the period 1550\u20131900, is constructed mainly from primary sources from the city of Trujillo (Peru), the Archivo General de Indias in Seville (Spain), and the Archivo General de la Naci\u00f3n in Lima (Peru), supplemented by a reassessment of documentary evidence included in previously published literature. The archive in Trujillo has never been systematically evaluated for information related to the occurrence of El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Abundant rainfall and river discharge correlate well with EN events in the area around Trujillo, which is very dry during most other years. Thus, rain and flooding descriptors, together with reports of failure of the local fishery, are the main indicators of EN occurrence that the authors have searched for in the documents. A total of 59 EN years are identified in this work. This chronology is compared with the two main previous documentary EN chronologies and with ENSO indicators derived from proxy data other than documentary sources. Overall, the seventeenth century appears to be the least active EN period, while the 1620s, 1720s, 1810s, and 1870s are the most active decades. The results herein reveal long-term fluctuations in warm ENSO activity that compare reasonably well with low-frequency variability deduced from other proxy data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1175\/2007jcli1830.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,29]],"date-time":"2008-04-29T13:46:01Z","timestamp":1209476761000},"page":"1948-1962","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["A Chronology of El Ni\u00f1o Events from Primary Documentary Sources in Northern Peru*"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Garcia-Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento F\u00edsica de la Tierra II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Barriopedro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento F\u00edsica de la Tierra II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento F\u00edsica de la Tierra II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"H. F.","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA\/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado"}]},{"given":"R. R.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado"}]},{"given":"M. R.","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Argentino de Nivolog\u00eda y Glaciolog\u00eda y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CRICYT, Mendoza, Argentina"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Moyano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Argentino de Nivolog\u00eda y Glaciolog\u00eda y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CRICYT, Mendoza, Argentina"}]}],"member":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020061414011674000_i1520-0442-21-9-1948-Allan1","article-title":"El Ni\u00f1o: Southern Oscillation & Climatic Variability.","author":"Allan","year":"1996"},{"key":"2020061414011674000_i1520-0442-21-9-1948-Carrillo1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Hidrograf\u00eda oce\u00e1nica.","volume":"1","author":"Carrillo","year":"1892","journal-title":"Bol. Soc. Geogr. 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