{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T02:23:01Z","timestamp":1793758981169,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Psychiatric Association Publishing","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AJP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.11.1259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,17]],"date-time":"2014-12-17T14:18:39Z","timestamp":1418825919000},"page":"1259-1264","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1804,"title":["The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence"],"prefix":"10.1176","volume":"142","member":"230","reference":[{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.1974.28.1.59"},{"key":"p_5","volume-title":"Psychodynamics of Drug Dependence: NIDA Research Monograph 12","author":"Khantzian EJ","year":"1977"},{"key":"p_6","volume-title":"The Road to H: Narcotics, Delinquency, and Social Policy","author":"Chein I","year":"1964"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01567058"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01567471"},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"399","volume":"24","author":"Wieder H","year":"1969","journal-title":"Psychoanal"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197304000-00004"},{"key":"p_12","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth National Methadone Conference","author":"Wurmser L","year":"1972"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000306517402200407"},{"key":"p_14","volume-title":"Proceedings","author":"Khantzian EJ"},{"key":"p_16","volume-title":"Fourth National Methadone Conference"},{"key":"p_19","volume-title":"Theories on Drug Abuse: NIDA Research Monograph 30","author":"Khantzian EJ","year":"1980"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1982.tb39470.x"},{"key":"p_21","volume-title":"main line","author":"Radford P","year":"1972"},{"key":"p_22","volume-title":"Raskin HA: Drug Dependence: Aspects of Ego Functions. Detroit","author":"Krystal H","year":"1970"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.132.4.447"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197912133012403"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.6.699"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.133.12.1434"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290020027006"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290020021004"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1982.tb39468.x","volume":"398","author":"Vereby","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198010000-00006"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198107000-00003"},{"key":"p_33","volume-title":"et al: Psychological assessment of psychopathology in opiate addicts. J Nerv Ment Dis 172:156-165","author":"Blatt SJ","year":"1984"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.04390010039005"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.04390010049006"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.15288\/qjsa.1971.32.343","volume":"32","author":"Butterworth AT","year":"1971","journal-title":"Q J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1973.04200020052006"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750260013002"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790200085011"},{"key":"p_40","first-page":"19","volume":"10","author":"Khantzian EJ","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychiatry Digest"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.131.2.160"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3515-3_7"},{"key":"p_43","volume-title":"Shontz FC: The Life Styles of Nine American Cocaine Users","author":"Sports JV","year":"1977"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(84)90033-3"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19841001-11"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.6.784"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/ajp.142.11.1259","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T20:54:28Z","timestamp":1722372868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/ajp.142.11.1259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,11,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1176\/ajp.142.11.1259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.142.11.1259","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-953X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-7228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,11,1]]}}}