{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T11:32:01Z","timestamp":1775129521099,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"American Psychiatric Association Publishing","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AJP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]]},"DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,17]],"date-time":"2014-12-17T19:56:14Z","timestamp":1418846174000},"page":"1152-1162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Panic and Phobic Anxiety: Defining Phenotypes for Genetic Studies"],"prefix":"10.1176","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Jordan W.","family":"Smoller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming T.","family":"Tsuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"230","reference":[{"key":"R31559BHABFGEI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown F: Heredity in the psychoneuroses. Proc R Soc Med 1942; 35:785\u2013790","DOI":"10.1177\/003591574203501215"},{"key":"R31559BHAECEFF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lendon C, Ashall F, Goate A: Exploring the etiology of Alzheimer disease using molecular genetics. JAMA 1997; 277:825\u2013831","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.277.10.825"},{"key":"R31559BHACBEDH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lander ES, Schork NJ: Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science 1994; 265:2037\u20132048","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8091226"},{"key":"R31559BHADBEDB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuang M, Faraone S, Lyons M: Identification of the phenotype in psychiatric genetics. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1993; 243:131\u2013142","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02190719"},{"key":"R31559BHACCCAI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Costa J: On irritable heart: a clinical study of a form of functional cardiac disorder and its consequences. Am J Med Sci 1871; 61:17\u201352","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-187101000-00001"},{"key":"R31559BHAEAAGC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marks I: The classification of phobic disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1970; 116:377\u2013386","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.116.533.377"},{"key":"R31559BHACDEIF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barlow D, Brown T, Craske M: Definitions of panic attacks and panic disorder in the DSM-IV: implications for research. J Abnorm Psychol 1994; 103:553\u2013564","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843X.103.3.553"},{"key":"R31559BHADCDDB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowe RR, Noyes R, Pauls DL, Slymen D: A family study of panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40:1065\u20131069","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790090027004"},{"key":"R31559BHABJECJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noyes R Jr, Crowe RR, Harris EL, Hampa BJ, McChesney CM, Chaudry DR: Relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia: a family study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43:227\u2013232","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030037004"},{"key":"R31559BHADJFJF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendlewicz J, Papdimitriou G, Wilmotte J: Family study of panic disorder: comparison with generalized anxiety disorder, major depression and normal subjects. Psychiatr Genet 1993; 3:73\u201378","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199322000-00002"},{"key":"R31559BHACIHJD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Adams PB, Lish JD, Horwath E, Charney D, Woods SW, Leeman E, Frosch E: The relationship between panic disorder and major depression: a new family study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50:767\u2013780","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820220017003"},{"key":"R31559BHADFJFJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fyer AJ, Mannuzza S, Chapman TF, Martin LY, Klein DF: Specificity in familial aggregation of phobic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:564\u2013573","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950190046007"},{"key":"R31559BHACBFAH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fyer A, Mannuzza S, Chapman T, Lipsitz J, Martin L, Klein D: Panic disorder and social phobia: effects of comorbidity on familial transmission. Anxiety 1996; 2:173\u2013178","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7154(1996)2:4<173::AID-ANXI3>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"R31559BHACBFJH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieland V, Goodman D, Chapman T, Fyer A: New segregation analysis of panic disorder. Am J Med Genet 1996; 67:147\u2013153","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960409)67:2<147::AID-AJMG4>3.3.CO;2-K"},{"key":"R31559BHABJEEC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fyer A, Mannuzza S, Gallops S, Martin L, Aaronson C, Gorman J, Liebowitz M, Klein D: Familial transmission of simple phobias and fears. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:252\u2013256","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810150052009"},{"key":"R31559BHADIBBH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fyer A, Mannuzza S, Chapman T, Liebowitz M, Klein D: A direct interview family study of social phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50:286\u2013293","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820160056007"},{"key":"R31559BHABIEJB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein MB, Chartier MJ, Hazen AL, Kozak MV, Tancer ME, Lander S, Furer P, Chubaty D, Walker JR: A direct-interview family study of generalized social phobia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:90\u201397","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.1.90"},{"key":"R31559BHACHFFB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickramaratne P, Weissman M: Using family studies to understand comorbidity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1993; 243:150\u2013157","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02190721"},{"key":"R31559BHADEDDI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein RB, Weissman MM, Adams PB, Horwath E, Lish JD, Charney D, Woods SW, Sobin C, Wickramaratne PJ: Psychiatric disorders in relatives of probands with panic disorder and\/or major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:383\u2013394","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950050043005"},{"key":"R31559BHACFJAF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horwath E, Wolk SI, Goldstein RB, Wickramaratne P, Sobin C, Adams P, Lish JD, Weissman MM: Is the comorbidity between social phobia and panic disorder due to familial cotransmission or other factors? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:574\u2013582","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950190056008"},{"key":"R31559BHACBACI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein R, Wickramaratne P, Horwath E, Weissman M: Familial aggregation and phenomenology of \u201cearly\u201d-onset (at or before age 20 years) panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:271\u2013278","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830150097014"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noyes R Jr, Clarkson C, Crowe RR, Yates WR, McChesney CM: A family study of generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:1019-1024","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.8.1019"},{"key":"R31559BHACDDCJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maier W, Minges J, Lichtermann D: The familial relationship between panic disorder and unipolar depression. J Psychiatr Res 1995; 29:375\u2013388","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(95)00024-Y"},{"key":"R31559BHACDAAG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torgersen S: Comorbidity of major depression and anxiety disorders in twin pairs. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:1199\u20131202","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.9.1199"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biederman J, Rosenbaum J, Bolduc E, Faraone S, Hirshfeld D: A high risk study of young children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia with and without comorbid major depression. Psychiatry Res 1991; 37:333\u2013348","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90068-Z"},{"key":"R31559BHADEIFG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler K, Neale M, Kessler R, Heath A, Eaves L: Major depression and phobias: the genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity. Psychol Med 1993; 23:361\u2013371","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700028464"},{"key":"R31559BHADAIEG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler K, Heath A, Martin M, Eaves L: Symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression: same genes, different environments? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44:451\u2013457","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800170073010"},{"key":"R31559BHACCIFC","unstructured":"Risch N: Linkage strategies for genetically complex traits, II: the power of affected relative pairs. Am J Hum Genet 1990; 46:229\u2013241"},{"key":"R31559BHADEFBH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torgersen S: Genetic factors in anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40:1085\u20131089","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790090047007"},{"key":"R31559BHADGBFF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews G, Stewart G, Allen R, Henderson A: The genetics of six neurotic disorders: a twin study. J Affect Disord 1990; 19:23\u201329","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(90)90005-S"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skre I, Onstad S, Torgersen S, Lygren S, Kringlen E: A twin study of DSM-III-R anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993; 88:85\u201392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03419.x"},{"key":"R31559BHADDCCD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perna G, Caldirola D, Arancio C, Bellodi L: Panic attacks: a twin study. Psychiatry Res 1997; 66:69\u201371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(97)85177-3"},{"key":"R31559BHABBDGB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath A, Eaves L: The genetic epidemiology of phobias in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:273\u2013281","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820040025003"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: Generalized anxiety disorder in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:267\u2013272","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820040019002"},{"key":"R31559BHABHHIG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: Panic disorder in women: a population-based twin study. Psychol Med 1993; 23:397\u2013406","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170002849X"},{"key":"R31559BHABFDCC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Walter EE, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ: The structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for six major psychiatric disorders in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:374\u2013383","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950170048007"},{"key":"R31559BHABGFEJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neale M, Walters E, Eaves L, Kessler R, Heath A, Kendler K: Genetics of blood-injury fears and phobias: a population-based twin study. Am J Med Genet 1994; 54:326\u2013334","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320540411"},{"key":"R31559BHACHBCG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pauls D: Behavioural disorders: lessons in linkage. Nat Genet 1993; 3:4\u20135","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0193-4"},{"key":"R31559BHABGAHJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torgersen S: The nature and origin of common phobic fears. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 134:343\u2013351","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.343"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose R, Ditto W: A developmental-genetic analysis of common fears from early adolescence to early adulthood. Child Dev 1983; 54:361\u2013368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1983.tb03878.x"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevenson J, Batten N, Cherner M: Fears and fearfulness in children and adolescents: a genetic analysis of twin data. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992; 33:977\u2013985","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00919.x"},{"key":"R31559BHADAFBG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thapar A, McGuffin P: Are anxiety symptoms in childhood heritable? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1995; 36:439\u2013447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01301.x"},{"key":"R31559BHADJFGI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips K, Fulker D, Rose R: Path analysis of seven fear factors in adult twin and sibling pairs and their parents. Genet Epidemiol 1987; 4:345\u2013355","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370040504"},{"key":"R31559BHADJJDG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler K, Walters E, Truett K, Heath A, Neale M, Martin N, Eaves L: A twin-family study of self-report symptoms of panic-phobia and somatization. Behav Genet 1995; 25:499\u2013515","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02327574"},{"key":"R31559BHADAHAE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slater E, Slater P: A heuristic theory of neurosis. J Neurol Psychiatry 1944; 7:49\u201355","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.7.1-2.49"},{"key":"R31559BHADFAFE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kagan J, Reznick J, Clarke C, Snidman N, Garcia-Coll C: Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Dev 1984; 55:2212\u20132225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1984.tb03916.x"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Cloninger C: A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states. Psychiatr Dev 1986; 3:167\u2013226"},{"key":"R31559BHACHCHA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyrer P: Neurosis divisible? Lancet 1985; 1:685\u2013688","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91340-6"},{"key":"R31559BHADJBGI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young J, Fenton G, Lader M: The inheritance of neurotic traits: a twin study of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire. Br J Psychiatry 1971; 119:393\u2013398","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.119.551.393"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floderus-Myrhed B, Pedersen N, Rasmuson I: Assessment of heritability for personality, based on a short-form of the Eysenck Personality Inventory: a study of 12,898 twin pairs. Behav Genet 1980; 10:153\u2013162","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01066265"},{"key":"R31559BHADJHFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose R, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J, Sarna S, Langinvainio H: Shared genes, shared experiences, and similarity of personality: data from 14,288 adult Finnish co-twins. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988; 54:161\u2013171","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.1.161"},{"key":"R31559BHABEIBJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews G, Stewart G, Morris-Yates A, Holt P, Henderson S: Evidence for a general neurotic syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157:6\u201312","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.157.1.6"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jardine R, Martin N, Henderson A: Genetic covariation between neuroticism and the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Genet Epidemiol 1984; 1:89\u2013107","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370010202"},{"key":"R31559BHAEBFIB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin N, Jardine R, Andrews G, Heath A: Anxiety disorders and neuroticism: are there genetic factors specific to panic? Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 77:698\u2013706","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05190.x"},{"key":"R31559BHACJDAA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackinnon A, Henderson A, Andrews G: Genetic and environmental determinants of the lability of trait neuroticism and the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Psychol Med 1990; 20:581\u2013590","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700017086"},{"key":"R31559BHACGAGA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesch K-P, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol S, Greenberg B, Petri S, Benjamin J, Muller C, Hamer D, Murphy D: Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 1996; 274:1527\u20131531","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5292.1527"},{"key":"R31559BHACGJBF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kagan J, Reznick S, Snidman N: Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science 1988; 240:167\u2013171","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3353713"},{"key":"R31559BHACCAEA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson J, Kagan J, Reznick J, Corley R: The heritability of inhibited and uninhibited behavior: a twin study. Dev Psychol 1992; 28:1030\u20131037","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0012-1649.28.6.1030"},{"key":"R31559BHADAJCJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, Bolduc-Murphy EA, Faraone SV, Chaloff J, Hirshfeld D, Kagan J: Behavioral inhibition in childhood: a risk factor for anxiety disorders. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 1993; 1:2\u201316","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229309017052"},{"key":"R31559BHACDCEE","unstructured":"Rosenbaum J, Biederman J, Hirshfeld D, Bolduc E, Chaloff J: Behavioral inhibition in children: a possible precursor to panic disorder or social phobia. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52:11(suppl):5\u20139"},{"key":"R31559BHABGFIG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernstein GA, Garfinkel BD: Pedigrees, functioning, and psychopathology in families of school phobic children. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:70\u201374","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.1.70"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Last CG, Hersen M, Kazdin AE, Francis G, Grubb HJ: Psychiatric illness in the mothers of anxious children. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:1580\u20131583","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.12.1580"},{"key":"R31559BHABAJEG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Last C, Hersen M, Kazdin A, Orvaschel H, Perrin S: Anxiety disorders in children and their families. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:928\u2013934","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810340060008"},{"key":"R31559BHABEGAJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg I: School phobia in the children of agoraphobic women. Br J Psychiatry 1976; 128:86\u201389","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.128.1.86"},{"key":"R31559BHACBIJJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner S, Beidel D, Costello A: Psychopathology in the offspring of anxiety disorders patients. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987; 55:229\u2013235","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006X.55.2.229"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buller R, Maier W, Goldenberg I, Lavori P, Benkert O: Chronology of panic and avoidance, age of onset in panic disorder, and prediction of treatment response. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991; 240:163\u2013168","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02190758"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battaglia M, Bertella S, Politi E, Bernardeschi L, Perna G, Gabriele A, Bellodi L: Age at onset of panic disorder: influence of familial liability to the disease and of childhood separation anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1362\u20131364","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.9.1362"},{"key":"R31559BHABIDIB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollack MH, Otto MW, Sabatino S, Majcher D, Worthingon JJ, McArdle ET, Rosenbaum JF: Relationship of childhood anxiety to adult panic disorder: correlates and influence on course. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:376\u2013381","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.3.376"},{"key":"R31559BHADBADB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risch N, Merikangas K: Linkage studies of psychiatric disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1993; 243:143\u2013149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02190720"},{"key":"R31559BHACGEIA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blacker D, Lavori P, Faraone S, Tsuang M: Unipolar relatives in bipolar pedigrees: a search for indicators of underlying bipolarity. Am J Med Genet 1993; 48:192\u2013199","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320480405"},{"key":"R31559BHACDIBB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milberger S, Faraone S, Biederman J, Testa M, Tsuang M: New phenotype definition of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in relatives for genetic analyses. Am J Med Genet 1996; 67:369\u2013377","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960726)67:4<369::AID-AJMG10>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"R31559BHABDDEB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelvin R, Goodyer I, Altham P: Temperament and psychopathology amongst siblings of probands with depressive and anxiety disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1996; 37:543\u2013550","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01440.x"},{"key":"R31559BHACAEIF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Grice DE, Boardman J, Zhang H, Vitale A, Bondi C, Alsobrook J, Peterson BS, Cohen DJ, Rasmussen SA, Goodman WK, McDougle CJ, Pauls DL: Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:911\u2013917","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.7.911"},{"key":"R31559BHADAFID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briggs AC, Stretch DD, Brandon S: Subtyping of panic disorder by symptom profile. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 163:201\u2013209","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.163.2.201"},{"key":"R31559BHAECECI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowley DS, Arana GW: The diagnostic utility of lactate sensitivity in panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:227\u2013284","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810150077012"},{"key":"R31559BHADGGIE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowley D, Dunner D: Response to sodium lactate in panic disorder: relationship to presenting clinical variables. Psychiatry Res 1988; 25:253\u2013259","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(88)90096-0"},{"key":"R31559BHABFGJF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balon R, Jordan M, Pohl R, Yeragani VK: Family history of anxiety disorders in control subjects with lactate-induced panic attacks. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:1304\u20131306","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.10.1304"},{"key":"R31559BHADHJEB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reschke AH, Mannuzza S, Chapman TF, Lipsitz JD, Liebowitz MR, Gorman JM, Klein DF, Fyer AJ: Sodium lactate response and familial risk for panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:277\u2013279","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.2.277"},{"key":"R31559BHACEJJH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perna G, Gabriele A, Caldirola D, Bellodi L: Hypersensitivity to inhalation of carbon dioxide and panic attacks. Psychiatry Res 1995; 57:267\u2013273","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(95)02723-A"},{"key":"R31559BHACBGIA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perna G, Cocchi S, Bertani A, Arancio C, Bellodi L: Sensitivity to 35% CO2 in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:623\u2013625","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.4.623"},{"key":"R31559BHADGAGG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coryell W: Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide as a disease-specific trait marker. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41:259\u2013263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)87457-4"},{"key":"R31559BHABDJFD","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faraone SV, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ, Pepple JR, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT: Diagnostic accuracy and linkage analysis: how useful are schizophrenia spectrum phenotypes? Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1286\u20131290","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.9.1286"},{"key":"R31559BHADDGCB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brzustowicz L, Honer W, Chow E, Hogan J, Hodgkinson K, Bassett A: Use of a quantitative trait to map a locus associated with severity of positive symptoms in familial schizophrenia to chromosome 6p. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 61:1388\u20131396","DOI":"10.1086\/301623"},{"key":"R31559BHABJFAF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risch N, Zhang H: Extreme discordant sib pairs for mapping quantitative trait loci in humans. Science 1995; 268:1584\u20131589","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7777857"},{"key":"R31559BHABBAIA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt N, Lerew D, Jackson R: The role of anxiety sensitivity in the pathogenesis of panic: prospective evaluation of spontaneous panic attacks during stress. J Abnorm Psychol 1997; 106:355\u2013364","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843X.106.3.355"},{"key":"R31559BHADEEBI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lander E, Botstein D: Mapping Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics 1989; 121:185\u2013199","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/121.1.185"},{"key":"R31559BHACFDIA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher E: The contribution of the mouse to advances in human genetics. Adv Genet 1997; 35:155\u2013205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2660(08)60450-2"},{"key":"R31559BHACJCBB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trullas R, Skolnick P: Differences in fear motivated behaviors among inbred mouse strains. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1993; 111:323\u2013331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244948"},{"key":"R31559BHADCIJE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flint J, Corley R, DeFries JC, Fulker DW, Gray JA, Miller S, Collins AC: A simple genetic basis for a complex psychological trait in laboratory mice. Science 1995; 269:1432\u20131435","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7660127"},{"key":"R31559BHADHCFB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gershenfeld H, Neumann P, Mathis C, Crawley J, Li X, Paul S: Mapping quantitative trait loci for open-field behavior in mice. Behav Genet 1997; 27:201\u2013210","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025653812535"},{"key":"R31559BHABAIEB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman J: Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372:425\u2013431","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0"},{"key":"R31559BHABDHEG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark L, Watson D: Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. J Abnorm Psychol 1991; 100:316\u2013336","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843X.100.3.316"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1152","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T16:45:59Z","timestamp":1722357959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1152","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-953X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-7228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]]}}}